Form 8-K

8-K — APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.

Accession: 0001104659-26-061168

Filed: 2026-05-14

Period: 2026-05-14

CIK: 0001158114

SIC: 3674 (SEMICONDUCTORS & RELATED DEVICES)

Item: Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement

Item: Financial Statements and Exhibits

Documents

8-K — tm2614157d2_8k.htm (Primary)

EX-1.1 — EXHIBIT 1.1 (tm2614157d2_ex1-1.htm)

EX-5.1 — EXHIBIT 5.1 (tm2614157d2_ex5-1.htm)

XML — IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT (R1.htm)

8-K — FORM 8-K

8-K (Primary)

Filename: tm2614157d2_8k.htm · Sequence: 1

false

0001158114

2026-05-14

iso4217:USD

xbrli:shares

iso4217:USD

xbrli:shares

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND

EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of

the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):

May 14, 2026

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its

charter)

Delaware

001-36083

76-0533927

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation)

(Commission File

Number)

(IRS Employer

Identification

No.)

13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.

Sugar Land, Texas

77478

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(281) 295-1800

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name or former address, if changed

since last report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing

is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):

Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered

pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Trading Name of each exchange on which

registered

Common Stock, Par value $0.001

AAOI

NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant

is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check

mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting

standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Item 1.01. Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.

On May 14, 2026, Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

(the “Company”) entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates,

Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC (collectively, the “Sales Agents”) pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares

of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Shares”) having an aggregate offering price of up to

$600 million from time to time through the Sales Agents.

Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject

to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, sales, if any, of the Shares will be made through the Sales Agents in transactions that

are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities

Act”), including sales made through the facilities of the Nasdaq Global Market, the principal trading market for the Company’s

common stock, on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock, to or through a market maker or as otherwise

agreed by the Company and the Sales Agents. In the placement notice, the Company will designate the maximum number of Shares to be sold

through the Sales Agents, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, the minimum price for the Shares to be sold, and

any limitation on the number of Shares that may be sold in any one day. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Sales

Agents will use their commercially reasonable efforts to sell Shares on the Company’s behalf up to the designated amount specified

in the placement notice. The Company has no obligation to sell any Shares under the Agreement and may at any time suspend offers and sales

of the Shares under the Agreement.

The Agreement provides that the Sales Agents will

be entitled to compensation of 2% of the gross sales price of the Shares sold through the Sales Agents from time to time. The Company

has also agreed to reimburse the Sales Agents for certain specified expenses in connection with the registration of Shares under state

blue sky laws and any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc., not to exceed $10,000

in the aggregate, and any associated application fees incurred. Additionally, if the Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances,

and the Company fails to sell a minimum amount of the Shares as set forth in the Agreement, then the Company has agreed to reimburse the

Sales Agents for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel incurred by the Sales Agents,

up to a maximum of $30,000 in the aggregate. The Company agreed to indemnify the Sales Agents against certain liabilities, including liabilities

under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Sales Agents may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.

The offering pursuant to the Agreement will terminate

upon the sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement. The Agreement may also be terminated by the Company or by the Sales Agents at any

time.

The Shares to be issued and sold have been registered

under the Securities Act, pursuant to the Company’s automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR (Registration No. 333-283905),

including the prospectus contained therein, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission

(the “SEC”) pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act on May 14, 2026.

The foregoing description of the Agreement does

not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit

1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.

(d) Exhibits.

Exhibit No.

Description

1.1

Equity Distribution Agreement, dated May 14, 2026, among Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., Raymond James & Associates, Inc., and Needham & Company, LLC.

4.1

Common Stock Specimen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Applied Optoelectronics, Inc’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-36083) filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016).

5.1

Opinion of Haynes and Boone, LLP.

23.1

Consent of Haynes and Boone, LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).

104

Cover Page Interactive File (the cover page tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly

authorized.

APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.

Date: May 14, 2026

By:

/s/ David C. Kuo

Name:

David C. Kuo

Title:

Senior Vice President

and Chief Legal Officer

EX-1.1 — EXHIBIT 1.1

EX-1.1

Filename: tm2614157d2_ex1-1.htm · Sequence: 2

Exhibit 1.1

Equity Distribution Agreement

May 14, 2026

Raymond James & Associates, Inc.

880 Carillon Parkway

St. Petersburg, Florida 33716

Needham & Company, LLC

250 Park Avenue

New York, New York 10177

Ladies and Gentlemen:

APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC., a Delaware corporation

(the “Company”), confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”) with Raymond James &

Associates, Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC (together, the “Agents,” and each, an “Agent”),

as follows:

SECTION 1.

Issuance and Sale of Shares. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms

and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through the Agents, up to $600,000,000 aggregate gross proceeds

of shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common

Stock”). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations

set forth in this Section 1 on the number of Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the

Company. The issuance and sale of Shares through the Agents will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below)

filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”), although nothing in this

Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to offer, sell or issue the Shares. The Company

agrees that the Agents shall be under no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise

agreed in a separate written agreement containing the terms and conditions of such sale.

The Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions

of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Securities Act”),

with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-283905), including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities,

including the Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has

filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations

thereunder (collectively, the “Exchange Act”). The Company has prepared a prospectus supplement specifically

relating to the Shares to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement. The Company will furnish to the Agents,

for use by the Agents, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as amended, as supplemented by the

Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, including all

documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in or incorporated by reference

in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to

be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, is herein called the “Registration

Statement.” Except where the context requires otherwise, the term “Base Prospectus” means the

prospectus dated December 18, 2024, filed as part of the Registration Statement, including all documents incorporated therein by reference

as of the date of such prospectus. Except where the context requires otherwise, the term “Prospectus Supplement”

means the most recent prospectus supplement that relates to the Shares, to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule

424(b) under the Securities Act on or before the second Business Day (as defined in Section 23(c) (Definitions)) after the

date hereof (or such earlier time as may be required under the Securities Act), in the form furnished to the Agents in connection with

the offering of the Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, the term “Prospectus” means the Prospectus

Supplement, together with the Base Prospectus attached to or used with the Prospectus Supplement, together with any issuer free writing

prospectus (as defined below) that relates to the Shares. As used herein, “issuer free writing prospectus” has

the meaning set forth in Rule 433 under the Securities Act, and “free writing prospectus” has the meaning set

forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement

thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms

“amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus

shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission deemed to be incorporated

by reference therein. All references in this Agreement to (i) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements

to any of the foregoing, shall include any copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis

and Retrieval System (“EDGAR”) and (ii) the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the “electronic Prospectus”

provided for use in connection with the offering of the Shares as contemplated by Section 7(x) of this Agreement.

SECTION 2.

Placements. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Shares hereunder (each, a “Placement”),

it will notify one or both of the Agents by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) containing the

parameters in accordance with which it desires the Shares to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number of

Shares to be issued (the “Placement Shares”), the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any

limitation on the number of Shares that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in Section 3 (Sale of Placement Shares

by the Agents) below) and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a “Placement Notice”), a

form of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The Placement Notice shall originate

from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on Schedule 2 attached hereto (with a copy to each of the other individuals

from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Applicable Agent (as defined below)

set forth on Schedule 2, as such Schedule 2 may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective upon

receipt and prompt confirmation by the Applicable Agent (and after such confirmation by the Agent, any Agent bound to such terms is referred

to as an “Applicable Agent”) unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section

4 (Suspension of Sales) hereof, the Applicable Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its

sole discretion, and the Applicable Agent provides notice thereof to the Company within one Business Day, (ii) the entire amount of the

Placement Shares have been sold, (iii) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4 (Suspension of Sales)

hereof, the Company suspends, cancels or terminates the Placement Notice, (iv) the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters

superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of Section

13 (Termination of this Agreement) hereof.

The amount of compensation to be paid by the Company

to the Applicable Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be 2% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Placement

Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares

at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company’s board of directors or duly authorized committee

thereof, and notified to the Applicable Agent in writing, nor shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares

in a number or with an aggregate gross or net sales price in excess of the number or aggregate gross or net sales price, as the case may

be, authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement, in each case by the Company’s board of directors or

duly authorized committee thereof, or in a number in excess of the number of Shares approved for listing on The Nasdaq Global Market (the

“Exchange”), or in excess of the number or amount of Shares available for issuance on the Registration Statement.

It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Applicable Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect

to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Applicable Agent, receipt of which

is promptly confirmed by the Applicable Agent, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between

the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.

SECTION 3.

Sale of Placement Shares by the Agents. Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Company’s issuance

of a Placement Notice to the Applicable Agent, receipt of which is promptly confirmed by the Applicable Agent, and unless the sale of

the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, canceled or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of

this Agreement, the Applicable Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent

with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange,

to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. The Applicable

Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following

the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day,

the prices at which such Placement Shares were sold, the gross proceeds from such sales, the compensation payable by the Company to the

Agents pursuant to Section 2 (Placements) hereof with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable

to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Agents (as set forth in Section 5(a) (Settlement) hereof)

from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Unless otherwise set forth in the Placement Notice, the Applicable Agent may

sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 of the

Securities Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Exchange, on any other existing trading market for the Common

Stock or to or through a market maker. With prior consent of the Company, and subject to the terms of the Placement Notice, the Agents

may also sell Placement Shares in privately negotiated transactions. The Company and the Applicable Agent represent that a majority of

the sales of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be made to the public and not in privately negotiated transactions. The

Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Applicable Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares,

and (ii) the Applicable Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement

Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Applicable Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal

trading and sales practices to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Section 3. For the purposes hereof, “Trading

Day” means any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Exchange.

SECTION 4.

Suspension of Sales.

a)       The Company

or the Applicable Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of

the other party set forth on Schedule 2 hereto, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals

to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or

email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2 hereto), suspend any sale of Placement

Shares; provided however, that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party’s obligations with respect to any

Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this Section

4 shall be effective against the other unless it is made to one of the individuals named on Schedule 2, as such Schedule may

be amended from time to time.

b)       Notwithstanding

any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall not offer or sell, or request the offer or sale of, any of the Placement Shares

and, by notice to the Applicable Agent in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the Applicable Agent

set forth on Schedule 2 hereto if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the

notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or email correspondence

to each of the individuals of the Applicable Agent set forth on Schedule 2 hereto), shall cancel any instructions for the offer

or sale of any of the Placement Shares, and upon delivery of such notice, receipt of which is promptly confirmed by the Applicable Agent,

the Applicable Agent shall not offer or sell any of the Placement Shares during any period in which the Company is in possession of such

material non-public information and as provided in such notice.

SECTION 5.

Settlement.

a)       Settlement

of Placement Shares. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will

occur on the first (1st) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following the date on which

such sales are made (each, a “Settlement Date”). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a

Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the “Net Proceeds”) will be equal to the aggregate

sales price received by the Applicable Agent for the sale of such Placement Shares, after deduction for (i) the Applicable Agent’s

compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 (Placements) hereof, (ii) any other amounts due

and payable by the Company to the Applicable Agent hereunder pursuant to Section 7(h) (Expenses) hereof, and (iii) any transaction

fees imposed in respect of such sales by any governmental or self-regulatory organization having jurisdiction over the Company (each,

a “Governmental Entity” and collectively, the “Governmental Entities”).

b)       Delivery

of Placement Shares. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer

the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Applicable Agent’s or its designee’s account (provided the Applicable

Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through

its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto

which in all cases shall be freely tradeable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Applicable

Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement

Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares

on a Settlement Date, in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section 10(a) (Indemnification)

below, it will hold the Applicable Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable legal fees and expenses),

as actually and reasonably incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company, and notwithstanding any such default

by the Company, will pay to the Applicable Agent the commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been

entitled absent such default.

c)       No

Other Agents. The Company agrees that any offer to sell Shares, any solicitation of an offer to buy Shares, or any sales of Shares

shall only be effected by or through the Applicable Agent, and the Company shall in no event offer or sell Shares on the same day through

any other agent or broker.

SECTION 6.

Representations, Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with each Agent as of each

Applicable Time (as defined in Section 23(a) (Definitions)), as follows:

a)       Compliance

with Registration Requirements. The Registration Statement was effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(e) promulgated pursuant

to the Securities Act. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such

purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened

by the Commission. The Company meets all applicable requirements for use of automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the

Securities Act.

The Prospectus when filed complied in all material

respects with the Securities Act, and (except as may be permitted by Regulation S-T under the Securities Act) the Prospectus delivered

to the Agents for use in connection with the offering of the Shares was identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed

with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR. The Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became effective

and each deemed effective date with respect to the Agents pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) of the Securities Act and at each Settlement Date,

complied and will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material

fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The documents

incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Prospectus, at the time they were filed with the Commission under the Exchange

Act, complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act. The Prospectus (including any Prospectus wrapper), as

amended or supplemented, as of its date and at all subsequent times, including each Representation Date (as defined in Section 7(n)

(Representation Dates; Certificate) hereto), did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state

a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

The representations and warranties set forth in the three immediately preceding sentences do not apply to statements in or omissions from

the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, the Prospectus or any amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance

upon and in conformity with information relating to the Agents furnished to the Company in writing by the Agents expressly for use therein,

it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by the Agents to the Company consists of the information described

in Section 10(b) (Indemnification) below. There are no contracts or other documents required to be described in the Prospectus

or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been described or filed as required.

The Company is not an “ineligible issuer”

in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant to Rules 164, 405 and 433 under the Securities Act. Any free writing prospectus

that the Company is required to file pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act has been, or will be, filed with the Commission

in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act. Each free writing prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to

file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act or that was prepared by or on behalf of or used or referred to by the Company complies

or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of Rule 433 under the Securities Act including timely filing with the Commission

or retention where required and legending, and each such free writing prospectus, as of its issue date and as of each Applicable Time,

did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts with or will conflict with the information contained

in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, that has not been superseded

or modified. Except for the free writing prospectuses, if any, identified in Schedule 3 hereto furnished to the Agents before first

use, the Company has not used or referred to, and will not, without the Agents’ prior consent, use or refer to, any free writing

prospectus.

b)       Offering

Materials Furnished to the Agents. The Company has delivered to the Agents a complete copy of the Registration Statement, each amendment

thereto and each opinion, consent and certificate of experts filed as a part thereof, and conformed copies of the Registration Statement,

each amendment thereto (without exhibits) and the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, and any freewriting prospectus reviewed and

consented to in writing by the Agents, in such quantities and at such places as the Agents have reasonably requested.

c)       Distribution

of Offering Material By the Company. The Company has not distributed and will not distribute, prior to the completion of the Agents’

sale of all of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, any offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the

Shares other than the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus reviewed and consented to in writing by the Agents or the Registration Statement.

d)       The

Agreement. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by, and is a valid and binding agreement of, the Company,

enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as rights to indemnification and contribution hereunder may be limited

by applicable law and except as the enforcement hereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar

laws relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors or by general equitable principles regardless of whether considered

in a proceeding in equity or at law.

e)       Authorization

of the Shares. The Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered

by the Company and paid for in accordance with this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, and the issuance

and sale of the Shares is not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase

the Shares.

f)        No

Applicable Registration or Other Similar Rights. There are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have any equity

or debt securities registered for sale under the Registration Statement or included in the offering contemplated by this Agreement.

g)       No

Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, subsequent to the respective

dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus: (i) there has been no material adverse change,

or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse change, in the condition, financial or otherwise,

or in the properties, business, results of operations or prospects, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of

business, of the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity (any such change is called a “Material Adverse Change”);

(ii) the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity, have not incurred any material liability or obligation, indirect, direct

or contingent, not in the ordinary course of business nor entered into any material transaction or agreement not in the ordinary course

of business; and (iii) there has been no dividend or other distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company (other than

regular quarterly cash dividends) or, except for dividends paid to the Company or other subsidiaries, any of its subsidiaries on any class

of capital stock or repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any class of capital stock.

h)       Independent

Accountants. Grant Thornton LLP, who have expressed their opinion with respect to the financial statements (which term as used in

this Agreement includes the related notes thereto) of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement

and the Prospectus are an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company as required by the Securities Act

and the Exchange Act and the applicable published rules and regulations thereunder.

i)        Preparation

of the Financial Statements. The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries included and incorporated by reference in

the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly in all material respects the consolidated financial position of the Company

and its subsidiaries as of and at the dates indicated and the results of their operations and cash flows for the periods specified. Such

financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP (as defined in Section 23(b) (Definitions) hereto), except

as may be expressly stated in the related notes thereto. No other financial statements or supporting schedules of the Company and its

subsidiaries are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus. All disclosures

contained in the Prospectus and the Registration Statement regarding “non-GAAP financial measures” (as such term is defined

by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities

Act, to the extent applicable. No person who has been suspended or barred from being associated with a registered public accounting firm,

or who has failed to comply with any sanction pursuant to Rule 5300 promulgated by the PCAOB, has participated in or otherwise aided the

preparation of, or audited, the financial statements, supporting schedules or other financial data of the Company and its subsidiaries

incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (it being agreed that the foregoing representation is made

only to the Company’s actual knowledge without independent investigation with respect to any person who is not a director, officer

or employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries). The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by

reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the required information called for in all material respects

and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.

j)        Company’s

Accounting System. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide

reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (ii)

transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability

for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (iv) the

recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect

to any differences; and (v) the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”) incorporated

by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and

is prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.

k)       Incorporation

and Good Standing of the Company and its Subsidiaries. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries has been duly incorporated or organized,

as the case may be, and is validly existing as a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or trust, as applicable, in good

standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization and has the power and authority (corporate or other)

to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and, in the case of the Company, to

enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement. Each of the Company and each subsidiary is duly qualified as a foreign corporation,

partnership, limited liability company or trust, as applicable, to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which

such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the

failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. All

of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity or ownership interests of each subsidiary have been duly authorized and validly

issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and, except as set forth in the Prospectus, are owned by the Company, directly or through subsidiaries,

free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance or adverse claim. The Company does not own or control, directly

or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than (i) the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s

Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year fiscal ended December 31, 2024 and (ii) such other entities omitted from Exhibit 21.1 which, when

such omitted entities are considered in the aggregate as a single subsidiary, would not constitute a “significant subsidiary”

within the meaning of Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X under the Exchange Act (“Regulation S-X”).

l)        Capitalization

and Other Capital Stock Matters. The authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company is as set forth in the Prospectus

(other than for subsequent issuances, if any, described in the Prospectus or pursuant to employee benefit plans described in the Prospectus

or upon the exercise of outstanding options or vesting of restricted stock units, in each case described in the Prospectus, and other

than Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement prior to the filing of the Company’s next annual report on Form 10-K or quarterly report

on Form 10-Q). The Shares conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus. All of the issued and

outstanding Shares have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and nonassessable. None of the outstanding Shares was

issued in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities

of the Company. There are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other rights to

purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any capital stock of the Company or any of

its subsidiaries other than those disclosed in the Prospectus and other than for subsequent issuances, if any, pursuant to the employee

benefit plans that are described in the Prospectus. The description of the Company’s stock option, stock bonus and other stock plans

or arrangements, and the options or other rights granted thereunder, set forth in the Prospectus accurately and fairly presents in all

material respects the information required to be shown with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and rights.

m)      Exchange

Listing. The Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act and have been approved for listing on the

Exchange, subject to notice of issuance. The Company has taken no action designed to, or that would be reasonably expected to have the

effect of, terminating the registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act or delisting the Shares from the Exchange, nor has the Company

received any notification that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating such registration or listing.

n)       Non-Contravention

of Laws and Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or Approvals Required. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries

is (i) in breach or violation of (A) its charter or bylaws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational document,

as applicable, (B) any applicable federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, except as would not, individually or in the

aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change, or (C) any applicable rule or regulation of any self-regulatory organization or other

non-governmental regulatory authority (including, without limitation, the rules and regulations of the Exchange) or (ii) in default in

any respect (“Default”) under any indenture, mortgage, loan or credit agreement, note, contract, franchise,

lease or other instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound (including,

without limitation, any credit agreement, indenture, pledge agreement, security agreement or other instrument or agreement evidencing,

guaranteeing or securing indebtedness of the Company or any of its subsidiaries), or to which any of the property or assets of the Company

or any of its subsidiaries is subject (each, an “Existing Instrument”), except in the case of clauses (i)(C)

and (ii) above, for such breaches, violations or Defaults as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material

Adverse Change. The Company’s execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, consummation of the transactions contemplated

hereby and by the Prospectus and the issuance and sale of the Shares (y) will not conflict with or constitute a breach of, or Default

or a Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance

upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to, or require the consent of any other party to, any Existing

Instrument and (z) will not result in any violation of any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, administrative or

court decree or any rule or regulation of any self-regulatory organization or other non-governmental regulatory authority (including,

without limitation, the rules and regulations of the Exchange) applicable to the Company or any subsidiary, except for those conflicts,

breaches, defaults, Debt Repayment Triggering Events or violations that would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material

Adverse Change.

No consent, approval, authorization or other order

of, or registration or filing with, any court or other governmental or regulatory authority or agency, is required for the Company’s

execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the Prospectus,

except such as have been obtained or made by the Company and are in full force and effect under the Securities Act, applicable state securities

or blue sky laws and from the Exchange. As used herein, a “Debt Repayment Triggering Event” means any event

or condition which gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time would give, the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence

of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder’s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all

or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its subsidiaries.

o)       No

Material Actions or Proceedings. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no legal or governmental

actions, suits or proceedings pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened (i) against the Company or any of its subsidiaries,

(ii) which have as the subject thereof any officer or director of, or property owned or leased by, the Company or any of its subsidiaries

or (iii) relating to environmental or discrimination matters, where in any such case (A) there is a reasonable possibility that such action,

suit or proceeding might be determined adversely to the Company, such subsidiary or such officer or director, and (B) any such action,

suit or proceeding, if so determined adversely, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or adversely affect

the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. No labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any of its

subsidiaries exists or, to the Company’s knowledge, is threatened or imminent, which would reasonably be expected to result in a

Material Adverse Change.

p)       Intellectual

Property Rights. The Company and its subsidiaries own or possess sufficient trademarks, trade names, patent rights, copyrights, domain

names, licenses, approvals, trade secrets and other similar rights (collectively, “Intellectual Property Rights”)

reasonably necessary to conduct their businesses as now conducted. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice

of infringement or conflict with asserted Intellectual Property Rights of others, which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material

Adverse Change. None of the technology employed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries has been obtained or is being used by the Company

or any of its subsidiaries in violation of any contractual obligation binding on the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of its

or its subsidiaries’ officers, directors or employees or otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons, except for such violations

that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.

q)       All

Necessary Permits, etc. The Company and each subsidiary possess such valid and current certificates, authorizations, licenses or permits

issued by the appropriate state, local, federal or foreign regulatory agencies or bodies necessary to conduct their respective businesses,

other than those the failure to possess or own has not and would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, and

neither the Company nor any subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of, or non-compliance

with, any such certificate, authorization, license or permit which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision,

ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.

r)        Title

to Properties. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and each of its subsidiaries has

good and valid title to all of the real and personal property and other assets reflected as owned in the financial statements referred

to in Section 6(i) (Preparation of the Financial Statements) above (or elsewhere in the Prospectus), in each case free and

clear of any security interests, mortgages, liens, encumbrances, adverse claims and other defects, except such as do not have or result

in a Material Adverse Change to the use of such property by the Company or such subsidiary. The real property, improvements, equipment

and personal property held under lease by the Company or any subsidiary are held under valid and enforceable leases, with such exceptions

as are not material and do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such real property, improvements, equipment

or personal property by the Company or such subsidiary.

s)       Compliance

with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company and its subsidiaries and to the knowledge of the Company the officers and directors of the

Company and its subsidiaries, in their capacities as such, are, and at the Settlement Date and any Applicable Time will be, in compliance

in all material respects with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder or

implementing the provisions thereof.

t)        Tax

Law Compliance. The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all necessary federal, state and foreign income and franchise tax returns

(other than certain state or local tax returns, as to which the failure to file, individually or in the aggregate, would not result in

a Material Adverse Change) and have paid all taxes required to be paid by any of them and, if due and payable, any related or similar

assessment, fine or penalty levied against any of them, except for any such assessment, fine or penalty that is currently being contested

in good faith or that if not paid, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. The Company has made adequate charges,

accruals and reserves in the applicable financial statements referred to in Section 6(i) (Preparation of the Financial Statements)

above in respect of all federal, state and foreign income and franchise taxes for all periods as to which the tax liability of the Company

or any of its subsidiaries has not been finally determined.

u)       Company

Not an “Investment Company”. The Company is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for the Shares or after

the application of the proceeds therefrom as described under “Use of Proceeds” in the Prospectus, an “investment

company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

v)       Insurance.

Each of the Company and its subsidiaries are insured with policies in such amounts and with such deductibles and covering such risks as

it reasonably deems adequate for their businesses. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any subsidiary will not be able (i)

to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions

as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not result in a Material Adverse

Change.

w)       No

Price Stabilization or Manipulation; Compliance with Regulation M. The Common Stock is an “actively traded security” excepted

from the requirements of Rule 101 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act by subsection (c)(1) of such rule. Neither the Company nor any

of its subsidiaries has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might be reasonably expected to cause or result

in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Shares to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares. The Company acknowledges that

the Agents may engage in passive market making transactions in the Shares on the Exchange in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange

Act (“Regulation M”). The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Agents have informed the Company that the

Agents may, to the extent permitted under the Exchange Act, purchase and sell shares of Common Stock for their own accounts while this

Agreement is in effect; provided that the Company shall not be deemed to have authorized or consented to any such purchases or

sales by the Agents.

x)        Related

Party Transactions. There are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries

or any other person required to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus which have not been described as required

in all material respects. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension

of credit, or renewed any extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer (or equivalent

thereof) of the Company and/or such subsidiary except for such extensions of credit as are permitted by Section 13(k) of the Exchange

Act.

y)       Statistical

and Market-Related Data. The Company believes that, as of the effective date of the Registration Statement, the statistical, industry

and market-related data included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is reliable and accurate.

z)        No

Unlawful Contributions or Other Payments. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any

employee or agent of the Company or any subsidiary, has made any contribution or other payment to any official of, or candidate for, any

federal, state or foreign office in violation of any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement and

the Prospectus.

aa)     Disclosure

Controls and Procedures; Deficiencies in or Changes to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The Company has established and

maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), that complies with the requirements

of the Exchange Act and that has been designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company, including its consolidated

subsidiaries, in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time

periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, including controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information

is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Company and its subsidiaries have carried out evaluations of the effectiveness of their disclosure controls and procedures as required

by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act and concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Except as disclosed in the

Registration Statement or Prospectus, there are no material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting

(whether or not remediated). The Company’s independent auditors and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company

have been advised of (i) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial

reporting which could adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data, and (ii) any

fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal

control over financial reporting. Since December 31, 2024, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial

reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial

reporting.

bb)     Compliance

with Environmental Laws. Except as would not, singly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change,

(i) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign law or regulation relating

to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land

surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release

of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products (collectively,

“Hazardous Materials”) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport

or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively, “Environmental Laws”), (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries

have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their

requirements, or (iii) there are no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions,

suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigation or proceedings relating to any Environmental

Law against the Company or any of its subsidiaries.

cc)     ERISA

Compliance. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, to the Company’s knowledge, the

Company and its subsidiaries and any “employee benefit plan” (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act

of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, “ERISA”)) established

or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or their “ERISA Affiliates” (as defined below) are in compliance with ERISA,

except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. “ERISA

Affiliate” means, with respect to the Company or a subsidiary, any member of any group of organizations described in Sections

414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Code of which the Company or such subsidiary is a member. No “reportable event” (as defined

under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any “employee pension benefit plan” (as defined

under ERISA) established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. No “employee pension benefit

plan” established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates, if such “employee pension

benefit plan” were terminated, would have any “amount of unfunded benefit liabilities” (as defined under ERISA). None

of the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (i)

Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any “employee pension benefit plan” or (ii) Sections

412, 4971 or 4975 of the Code or (iii) Section 4980B of the Code as a result of a failure to comply with such Section. Except as would

not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, each “employee pension benefit

plan” established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates that is intended to be qualified

under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified and, to the Company’s knowledge, nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure

to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification.

dd)     Brokers.

Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no broker, finder or other party that is entitled

to receive from the Company any brokerage or finder’s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated

by this Agreement.

ee)     Foreign

Corrupt Practices Act. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, neither the Company nor

any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting

on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that has resulted or

would result in a violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “FCPA”)

or any other applicable anti-bribery law, including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate

commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property,

gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any “foreign official” (as such term is defined

in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the

FCPA; and the Company and its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, the Company’s affiliates have conducted their respective

businesses in compliance with the FCPA.

ff)      Money

Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are, and have been conducted at all times, in compliance with

applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended,

the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar applicable

rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the “Money Laundering

Laws”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator

involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company,

threatened.

gg)     OFAC.

Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate

or person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office

of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (“OFAC”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly

use the proceeds of this offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner

or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of any person currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered

by OFAC or to fund any activities of or business with any person in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding, is subject

to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.

hh)     Cybersecurity. (A) The Company is not

aware of any current (or event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any future) security breach, unauthorized

access or disclosure, or other compromise of the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ information technology and computer systems,

networks, hardware, software, data and databases used, processed or stored by the Company or its subsidiaries or on behalf of the Company

or its subsidiaries (collectively, “IT Systems and Data”), except for any such security breach, unauthorized

access or disclosure, or other compromise of the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ IT Systems and Data that would not be reasonably

expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Change and (B) the Company and its subsidiaries have implemented

reasonable controls, policies, procedures and technological safeguards designed to maintain and protect the integrity, operation, redundancy

and security of their IT Systems and Data to be used in connection with the Company’s proposed method of operation. To the Company’s

knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, judgments and orders

of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of

IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification,

except where failure to be so in compliance would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Change.

ii)       Accurate

Disclosure. The statements set forth in the Prospectus under the captions “Description of Capital Stock” insofar

as such statements summarize legal matters, agreements, documents or proceedings discussed therein, are accurate summaries of such legal

matters, agreements, documents or proceedings in all material respects and there are no contracts or documents that are required to be

described in the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that have not been so described or filed as required.

Any certificate signed by any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries and delivered to the Agents or to counsel for the Agents

shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to the Agents as to the matters covered thereby. The Company acknowledges

that the Agents and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to Section 7 (Covenants) hereof, counsel to the

Company and counsel to the Agents, will rely upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to

such reliance.

SECTION 7.

Covenants of the Company. The Company further covenants and agrees with each Agent that:

a)       Registration

Statement Amendments; Securities Act Compliance. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating

to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement

may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company shall (i) promptly advise the Agents in writing of the receipt

of any comments of, or requests for additional or supplemental information from, the Commission; (ii) promptly advise the Agents in writing

of the time and date of any filing of any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to any

free writing prospectus or the Prospectus; (iii) promptly advise the Agents in writing of the time and date that any post-effective amendment

to the Registration Statement becomes effective; (iv) promptly advise the Agents in writing of the issuance by the Commission of any stop

order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto or any amendment or supplement

to the Prospectus or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any free writing prospectus or the Prospectus, or of any proceedings

to remove, suspend or terminate from listing or quotation the Shares from any securities exchange upon which they are listed for trading

or included or designated for quotation, or of the threatening or initiation of any proceedings for any of such purposes or pursuant to

Section 8A of the Securities Act; (v) prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agents’ request, any amendments or

supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in counsel for the Agents’ reasonable opinion, may be necessary or

advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agents (provided however, that the failure of the Agents

to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents’ right to rely

on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement); and (vi) furnish to the Agents at the time of filing thereof

a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except

for those documents available via EDGAR. If the Commission shall enter any such stop order described in clause (iv) at any time, the Company

will use its reasonable efforts to obtain the lifting of such order at the earliest possible moment. Additionally, the Company agrees

that it shall comply with the provisions of Rule 424(b), Rule 433 and Rule 430B, as applicable, under the Securities Act and will use

its reasonable efforts to confirm that any filings made by the Company under such Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 are made in a timely manner.

b)       Delivery

of Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company shall furnish to the Agents and their counsel, without charge, as many copies

as the Agents may reasonably request of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto), the Prospectus (including all documents

incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with

the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities

Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in

each case as soon as reasonably practicable, and, at the Agents’ request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange

or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided however that the Company shall not be required to furnish

any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agents to the extent such document is available to the Agents or the public on EDGAR.

c)       The

Agents’ Review of Proposed Amendments and Supplements. Prior to amending or supplementing the Registration Statement or the

Prospectus, the Company shall furnish to the Agents for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed time of filing or use

thereof, a copy of each such proposed amendment or supplement, and the Company shall not file or use any such proposed amendment or supplement

without the Agents’ consent (not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), and to file with the Commission within the applicable

period specified in Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act any prospectus required to be filed pursuant to such Rule.

d)       Free

Writing Prospectuses. The Company shall furnish to the Agents for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed time of

filing or use thereof, a copy of each proposed issuer free writing prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto to be prepared by

or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company, and the Company shall not file, use or refer to any issuer proposed free writing

prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto without the Agents’ consent (not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed). The

Company shall furnish to the Agents, without charge, as many copies of any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, or used

by the Company, as the Agents may reasonably request, except for those documents available via EDGAR. If at any time when a prospectus

is required by the Securities Act (including, without limitation, pursuant to Rule 173(d)) to be delivered in connection with sales of

the Placement Shares there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which any free writing prospectus prepared by or

on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement

or, when taken together with the Registration Statement, included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or

would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances prevailing at

that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company shall promptly amend or supplement such free writing prospectus to eliminate or correct

such conflict or so that the statements in such free writing prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not include an untrue statement

of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances

prevailing at such subsequent time, not misleading, as the case may be; provided, however, that prior to amending or supplementing

any such free writing prospectus, the Company shall furnish to the Agents for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed

time of filing or use thereof, a copy of such proposed amended or supplemented free writing prospectus and the Company shall not file,

use or refer to any such amended or supplemented free writing prospectus without the Agents’ consent (not to be unreasonably withheld

or delayed).

e)       Delivery

of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered

by the Agents under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement

may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will comply in all material respects with the requirements

imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports

and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a),

13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event shall occur or condition exist as

a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus so that the Prospectus does not include an untrue statement of

a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances

then existing, not misleading, or if in the opinion of counsel for the Agents it is otherwise necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus

to comply with applicable law, including the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Applicable Agent to suspend the offering

of Placement Shares during such period and the Company agrees (subject to Section 7(c) and 7(d)) to promptly prepare, file

with the Commission and furnish at its own expense to the Agents, amendments or supplements to the Prospectus so that the statements in

the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact

necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, be misleading or so that the Prospectus,

as amended or supplemented, will comply with applicable law including the Securities Act. Neither the Agents’ consent to, nor delivery

of, any such amendment or supplement shall constitute a waiver of any of the Company’s obligations under Sections 7(c) or

7(d).

f)        Listing

of Placement Shares. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the

Agents under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement

may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the

Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange.

g)       Earnings

Statement. As soon as practicable, but in any event no later than 15 months after the effective date of the Registration Statement

(as such date is defined in Rule 158(c) under the Securities Act), the Company will make generally available to its security holders an

earnings statement (which need not be audited) complying with Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations of the

Commission thereunder.

h)       Expenses.

The Company agrees to pay all costs, fees and expenses incurred in connection with the performance of its obligations hereunder and in

connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including without limitation (i) all expenses incident to the issuance and delivery

of the Placement Shares (including all printing and engraving costs); (ii) all fees and expenses of the registrar and transfer agent of

the Placement Shares; (iii) all necessary issue, transfer and other stamp taxes in connection with the issuance and sale of the Placement

Shares to the Agents; (iv) all fees and expenses of the Company’s counsel, independent public or certified public accountants and

other advisors; (v) all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the preparation, printing, filing, shipping and distribution of

the Registration Statement (including financial statements, exhibits, schedules, consents and certificates of experts), the Prospectus,

any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company, and all amendments and supplements thereto,

and this Agreement; (vi) all filing fees, attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred by the Company or the Agents in connection with

qualifying or registering (or obtaining exemptions from the qualification or registration of) all or any part of the Placement Shares

for offer and sale under the state securities or blue sky laws or the provincial securities laws of Canada, and, if requested by the Agents,

preparing and printing a “Blue Sky Survey” or memorandum and a “Canadian wrapper,” and any supplements thereto,

advising the Agents of such qualifications, registrations and exemptions; (vii) the filing fees incident to, and the reasonable fees and

expenses of counsel for the Agents in connection with, FINRA’s review, if any, and approval of the Agents’ participation in

the offering and distribution of the Placement Shares; provided that the fees of the Agents’ counsel in connection therewith and

with clause (vi) above shall not exceed an aggregate of $10,000; (viii) the fees and expenses associated with including the Placement

Shares on the Exchange; (ix) all other fees, costs and expenses of the nature referred to in Item 14 of Part II of the Registration Statement;

and (x) if Shares having an aggregate offering price of $10.0 million or more have not been offered and sold under this Agreement by November

30, 2026 (or such earlier date at which the Company terminates this Agreement (the “Determination Date”)), the

Company shall reimburse the Agents for all of their reasonable out of pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements

of counsel to the Agents, in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (the “Expenses”);

provided that the Company will not be obligated to reimburse the Agents any Expenses pursuant to this Section 7(h)(x), in

excess of $30,000 in the aggregate. The Expenses shall be due and payable by the Company within five (5) Business Days of the Determination

Date. Except as provided in this Section 7(h), Section 10 (Indemnification), and Section 11 (Contribution),

hereof, the Agents shall pay their own expenses, including the fees and disbursements of its counsel.

i)        Use

of Proceeds. The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Shares to be sold by it hereunder in accordance with the

statements under the caption “Use of Proceeds” in the Prospectus.

j)        Notice

of Other Sales. During the pendency of any Placement Notice given hereunder, the Company shall provide the Applicable Agent written

notice as promptly as reasonably practicable before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option to sell or otherwise

disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of the Agreement) or securities

convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire Common Stock; provided, that such

notice shall not be required in connection with (i) the issuance, grant or sale of Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock or Common

Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or other equity awards pursuant to any stock option, stock bonus or other stock or compensatory

plan or arrangement described in the Prospectus, (ii) the issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition, merger or sale or

purchase of assets described in the Prospectus or (iii) the issuance or sale of Common Stock pursuant to any dividend reinvestment plan

that the Company may adopt from time to time provided the implementation of such is disclosed to the Agents in advance.

k)       Change

of Circumstances. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice, advise the Applicable Agent as promptly

as reasonably practicable after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter

or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.

l)        Due

Diligence Cooperation. The Company will cooperate with any commercially reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agents, or

its agents and counsel, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information

and making available documents and senior officers, upon reasonable notice during regular business hours and at the Company’s principal

offices, as the Agents may reasonably request (i) on or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this

Agreement and (ii) prior to each Representation Date. The Company will make available its appropriate officers and cause such officers

to participate in a call with the Agents and their counsel prior to each Representation Date (including, without limitation, the availability

of the chief financial officer to respond to questions regarding the business and financial condition of the Company) and otherwise as

the Agents may reasonably request; such call shall be for the purpose of updating the Agent’s due diligence review of the Company

in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. The obligations set forth in the preceding sentence of this Section 7(l)

shall be suspended following delivery of written notice to the Agents specifying that the Company does not intend to sell Shares under

this Agreement until notice to the contrary is provided (such time period, a “Suspension Period”). Following

delivery of notice to the Applicable Agent that the Company intends to recommence sales of Shares under this Agreement, the provisions

of this Section 7(l) shall once again be operative.

m)      Required

Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares. The Company agrees that on or prior to such dates as the Securities Act shall require,

the Company will (i) file and disclose in a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under

the Securities Act or (ii) disclose in its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K,

as applicable, the number of Shares sold through the Agents under the Agreement, the Net Proceeds to the Company, the compensation paid

by the Company with respect to sales of Shares pursuant to the Agreement during the relevant period and any other information regarding

the Placement Shares that the Company reasonably believes is required to comply with the Securities Act. The Company agrees to deliver

such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement (if any) to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may

be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market.

n)       Representation

Dates; Certificate. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and (A) each time

the Company (i) files the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus

relating to the Placement Shares (other than a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with Section 7(m) of this Agreement) by

means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration

Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; (ii) files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act; (iii) files

its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or (iv) files a report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information

(other than an earnings release, to “furnish” information pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K, and other than a report

on Form 8-K containing financial information of a tenant of the Company or its subsidiaries) under the Exchange Act and (B) (i) upon recommencement

of sales after a suspension in accordance with Section 4 hereof or (ii) upon delivery of a notice to the Applicable Agent that the Company

intends to recommence sales after a Suspension Period in accordance with Section 7(l) (Due Diligence Cooperation) hereof

and as reasonably requested (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (A)(i) through (iv) and any date

of recommencement after a suspension referred to in clause (B)(i) and (B)(ii) shall be a “Representation Date”);

the Company shall furnish the Agents with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n) within three (3) Trading Days

of any Representation Date if requested by the Agents. The requirement to provide a certificate under this Section 7(n) is hereby

waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the

earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a

Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date; provided however, that such waiver shall not apply for any Representation

Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K; provided, further, however, that the obligation of the Company

under this Section 7(n) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination of such Suspension

Period. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when

the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Applicable Agent with a certificate under this Section 7(n), then before

the Company delivers the Placement Notice or the Applicable Agent sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Agents with

a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n), dated the date of the Placement Notice.

o)       Legal

Opinion of Counsel for the Company. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement

and within three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate

in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents

the written opinion of Haynes and Boone, LLP or other counsel satisfactory to the Agents, in form and substance satisfactory to the Agents

and their counsel, dated the date that the opinion is required to be delivered, substantially similar to the forms attached hereto as

Exhibit 7(o)(1), modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented;

provided however, that in lieu of such opinions for subsequent Representation Dates, counsel may furnish the Agents with a letter

(a “Reliance Letter”) to the effect that the Agents may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this Section

7(o) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed

to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented at such Representation Date). The obligation of

the Company under this Section 7(o) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination of

such Suspension Period.

p)       Comfort

Letter. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and within three (3) Trading

Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as

Exhibit 7(n) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause (a) Grant Thornton LLP, independent public or certified

public accountants for the Company, to furnish the Agents a letter dated the date the letter is delivered and addressed to the Agents,

in form and substance satisfactory to the Agents, (i) containing statements and information of the type ordinarily included in accountants’

“comfort letters” to underwriters, delivered according to Accounting Standards Update No. 634 (or any successor bulletin),

with respect to the audited and unaudited financial statements and certain financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries contained

in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and each free writing prospectus, if any, and, with respect to each letter dated the date

hereof only, the Prospectus, and (ii) confirming that they are (A) independent public or certified public accountants as required by the

Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the applicable published rules and regulations thereunder (the “Comfort Letter”,

the first such letter, the “Initial Comfort Letter”) and (b) Grant Thornton LLP to update the Initial Comfort

Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as

necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. The obligations

of the Company under this Section 7(p) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination

of such Suspension Period.

q)       Insurance.

The Company and its subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as is commercially

reasonable and customary for companies engaged in similar businesses in similar industries.

r)        FINRA.

The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to maintain its status as a “seasoned issuer” under Financial Industry

Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) Rule 5110(b)(7)(C)(i). In the event that the Company is unable to maintain

such status, the Company will promptly notify the Agents of such matter and cooperate with the Agents to make any filings with FINRA as

may be required in connection with the offering of the Shares hereunder.

s)       Securities

Act and Exchange Act. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by

the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of, or dealings

in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus, including the filing of any and all documents required

to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act in the manner and within the time periods required

by the Exchange Act.

t)        No

Offer to Sell. Other than a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) approved in advance in writing

by the Company and the Agents in their capacity as principal or agent hereunder, neither the Agents nor the Company (including its agents

and representatives, other than the Agents in their capacity as such) will, directly or indirectly, use, authorize, approve or refer to

any free writing prospectus relating to the Shares to be sold by the Agents as principal or agent hereunder.

u)       Filing

of Free Writing Prospectuses. The Company shall not take any action that would result in the Agents or the Company being required

to file with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act a free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of the

Agents that the Agents otherwise would not have been required to file thereunder.

v)       Blue

Sky Compliance. The Company shall cooperate with the Agents and counsel for the Agents to qualify or register the Shares for sale

under (or obtain exemptions from the application of) the state securities or blue sky laws or Canadian provincial securities laws of those

jurisdictions designated by the Agents, shall comply with such laws and shall continue such qualifications, registrations and exemptions

in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares. The Company shall not be required to qualify as a foreign corporation

or to take any action that would subject it to general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is not presently qualified

or where it would be subject to taxation as a foreign corporation. The Company will advise the Agents promptly of the suspension of the

qualification or registration of (or any such exemption relating to) the Shares for offering, sale or trading in any jurisdiction or any

initiation or threat of any proceeding for any such purpose, and in the event of the issuance of any order suspending such qualification,

registration or exemption, the Company shall use its reasonable efforts to obtain the withdrawal thereof at the earliest possible moment.

w)       Transfer

Agent. The Company shall engage and maintain, at its expense, a registrar and transfer agent for the Shares.

x)        Company

to Provide Copy of the Prospectus in Form That May be Downloaded from the Internet. The Company shall cause to be prepared and delivered,

at its expense, within one Business Day from the effective date of this Agreement, to the Agents an “electronic Prospectus”

to be used by the Agents in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares. As used herein, the term “electronic Prospectus”

means a form of the Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, that meets each of the following conditions: (i) it shall be

encoded in an electronic format, satisfactory to the Agents that may be transmitted electronically by the Agents to offerees and purchasers

of the Shares; (ii) it shall disclose the same information as the paper Prospectus, except to the extent that graphic and image material

cannot be disseminated electronically, in which case such graphic and image material shall be replaced in the electronic Prospectus with

a fair and accurate narrative description or tabular representation of such material, as appropriate; and (iii) it shall be in or convertible

into a paper format or an electronic format, satisfactory to the Agents, that will allow investors to store and have continuously ready

access to the Prospectus at any future time, without charge to investors (other than any fee charged for subscription to the Internet

as a whole and for on-line time).

y)       Future

Reports to the Agents. For so long as the delivery of a prospectus is required in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares,

the Company will furnish to each of the Agents: (i) as soon as practicable after the filing thereof, copies of each proxy statement, Annual

Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Current Report on Form 8-K or other report filed by the Company with the Commission,

FINRA or any securities exchange; and (ii) as soon as available, copies of any report or communication of the Company mailed generally

to holders of its capital stock; provided that, in each case, the Company will be deemed to have furnished the foregoing documents

as required by this Section to the extent they are filed with the Commission and publicly accessible on EDGAR.

z)        Renewal

of Registration Statement. The date of this Agreement is not more than three years subsequent to the initial effective date of the

Registration Statement (the “Renewal Date”). If, immediately prior to the Renewal Date, this Agreement has not

terminated and a prospectus is required to be delivered or made available by the Agents under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in

connection with the sale of Shares, the Company will, prior to the Renewal Date, file, if it has not already done so, a new shelf registration

statement or, if applicable, an automatic shelf registration statement relating to such Shares, and, if such registration statement is

not an automatic shelf registration statement, will use its commercially efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective

within 180 days after the Renewal Date, and will take all other reasonable actions necessary or appropriate to permit the public offer

and sale of such Shares to continue as contemplated in the expired registration statement relating to such Securities. References herein

to the “Registration Statement” shall include such new shelf registration statement or automatic shelf registration statement,

as the case may be.

SECTION 8.

Covenant of the Agents. Each Agent, severally and not jointly, covenants with the Company not to take any action that would

result in the Company being required to file with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act a free writing prospectus

prepared by or on behalf of the Agents that otherwise would not be required to be filed by the Company thereunder, but for the action

of the Agents.

SECTION 9.

Conditions to the Agents’ Obligations. The obligations of each Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be

subject to the continuing accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company set forth in Section 6 hereof,

to the timely performance by the Company of its covenants and other obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agents of a due diligence

review satisfactory to the Agents in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by the Agents in their sole

discretion) each of the following additional conditions:

a)       Registration

Statement Effective. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for (i) all sales of Placement Shares issued

pursuant to all prior Placement Notices, and (ii) the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice.

b)       No

Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any notification

with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction

or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; (ii) receipt by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any request

for additional information from the Commission or any other Governmental Entity during the period of effectiveness of the Registration

Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus;

and (iii) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material

document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of

any changes in the Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it

will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary

to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material

fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the

circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

c)       No

Misstatement or Material Omission. The Registration Statement and Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, shall not contain

any untrue statement of a material fact, or omit to state a material fact that is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make

the statements therein not misleading.

d)       Material

Changes. Except as contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or disclosed in the Company’s reports filed

with the Commission, there shall not have occurred (i) any Material Adverse Change in the judgment of the Agents and (ii) any downgrading,

nor shall any notice have been given of any intended or potential downgrading or of any review for a possible change that does not indicate

the direction of the possible change, in the rating accorded any securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries by any “nationally

recognized statistical rating organization” as such term is defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act.

e)        Company

Counsel Legal Opinion. The Agents shall have received the opinions of Haynes and Boone LLP and, if applicable, such other counsel

to the Company, in each case as required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(o) on or before the date on which such delivery

of such opinion is required pursuant to Section 7(o).

f)        Opinion

of Counsel for the Agent. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and within

three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form

attached hereto as Exhibit 9(f) for which no waiver is applicable, the Agents shall have received from Mayer Brown LLP, or such

other counsel for the Agents, such opinion or opinions, dated the date that the opinion is required to be delivered, with respect to such

matters as the Agents may require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for the purpose

of enabling them to pass upon such matters; provided however, that the obligation of Mayer Brown LLP under this Section 9(f)

shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination of such Suspension Period.

g)       Comfort

Letter. The Agents shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(p) on or before the

date on which such delivery of such letter is required pursuant to Section 7(p).

h)       Representation

Certificate. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(n) on or before

the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(n).

i)        No

Stop Order; No Objection from FINRA. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective

amendment to the Registration Statement, shall be in effect and no proceedings for such purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities

Act shall have been instituted or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened by the Commission, and FINRA shall have raised no objection

to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.

j)        No

Suspension. Trading in the Shares shall not have been suspended on the Exchange.

k)       Other

Materials. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(n), the Agents and

counsel for the Agents shall have received such information, documents and opinions as they may reasonably request for the purposes of

enabling them to pass upon the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated herein, or in order to evidence the accuracy of any of

the representations and warranties, or the satisfaction of any of the conditions or agreements, herein contained; and all proceedings

taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated herein and in connection with the other transactions

contemplated by this Agreement shall be satisfactory in form and substance to the Agents and counsel for the Agents.

l)        Securities

Act Filings Made. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance

of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424.

m)       Approval

for Listing. Either (i) the Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of

issuance, or (ii) the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the

issuance of any Placement Notice.

n)       Actively-Traded

Security. The Common Stock shall be an “actively-traded security” exempted from the requirements of Rule 101 of Regulation

M under the Exchange Act by subsection (c)(1) of such rule.

o)       No

Termination Event. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section

13 (Termination of this Agreement).

SECTION 10.

Indemnification.

a)       Indemnification

of the Agents. Subject to the limitations in this paragraph below, the Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agents, their

officers, directors, employees and agents, and each person, if any, who controls the Agents within the meaning of the Securities Act or

the Exchange Act against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense (a “Loss” or “Losses”),

as incurred, to which the Agents or such officer, director, employee, agent or controlling person may become subject, under the Securities

Act, the Exchange Act, other federal or state statutory law or regulation, or at common law or otherwise (including in settlement of any

litigation, subject to Section 10(d) below), insofar as such Loss (or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below) arises

out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement,

or any amendment thereto, including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, or the

omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not

misleading; or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus or any free writing

prospectus that the Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the

Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order

to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and to reimburse the Agents

and each such officer, director, employee, agent or controlling person for any and all expenses (including reasonable costs of investigation

and the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by the Agents) as such expenses are reasonably incurred by the Agents or such officer,

director, employee, agent or controlling person in connection with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or paying any such

Loss or action; provided, however, that the foregoing indemnity agreement shall not apply to any Loss to the extent, but

only to the extent, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made

in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Agents expressly for use in

the Registration Statement, any such free writing prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), it being understood

and agreed that the only such information furnished by the Agents to the Company consists of the information described in subsection

(b) below. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 10(a) shall be in addition to any liabilities that the Company

may otherwise have.

b)       Indemnification

of the Company, its Directors and Officers. Each Agent agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company,

each of its directors, each of its officers who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within

the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, against any Loss, as incurred, to which the Company, or any such director, officer

or controlling person may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or other federal or state statutory law or regulation,

or at common law or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation, subject to Section 10(d) below), insofar as such Loss

(or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below) arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement

of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, including any information deemed to be a part thereof

pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated

therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material

fact contained in the Prospectus or any free writing prospectus that the Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required to file,

pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission

therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were

made, not misleading, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Agents

expressly for use therein; and to reimburse the Company, or any such director, officer or controlling person for any and all expenses

(including reasonable costs of investigation and the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by the Company) as such expenses are reasonably

incurred by the Company, or any such director, officer or controlling person in connection with investigating, defending, settling, compromising

or paying any such Loss or action. The Company hereby acknowledges that the only such information that the Agents have furnished to the

Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus that the Company has filed, or is

required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) are the statements

set forth in the seventh paragraph under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus Supplement relating to

the offering of the Shares.

The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 10(b)

shall be in addition to any liabilities that the Agents may otherwise have.

c)       Notifications

and Other Indemnification Procedures. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 10 of notice of the

commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against an indemnifying party under

this Section 10, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof, but the omission so to notify the indemnifying

party will not relieve it from any liability which it may have to any indemnified party for contribution or otherwise than under the indemnity

agreement contained in this Section 10 or to the extent it is not prejudiced as a proximate result of such failure. In case any

such action is brought against any indemnified party and such indemnified party seeks or intends to seek indemnity from an indemnifying

party, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in, and, to the extent that it shall elect, jointly with all other indemnifying

parties similarly notified, by written notice delivered to the indemnified party promptly after receiving the aforesaid notice from such

indemnified party, to assume the defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party; provided, however,

if the defendants in any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have

reasonably concluded that a conflict may arise between the positions of the indemnifying party and the indemnified party in conducting

the defense of any such action or that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different

from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party, the indemnified party or parties shall have the right to select separate

counsel to assume such legal defenses and to otherwise participate in the defense of such action on behalf of such indemnified party or

parties. Upon receipt of notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of such indemnifying party’s election so to

assume the defense of such action and approval by the indemnified party of counsel, the indemnifying party will not be liable to such

indemnified party under this Section 10 for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection

with the defense thereof unless (i) the indemnified party shall have employed separate counsel in accordance with the proviso to the preceding

sentence (it being understood, however, that the indemnifying party shall not be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate

counsel (together with local counsel), representing the indemnified parties who are parties to such action), which counsel (together with

any local counsel) for the indemnified parties shall be selected by the Agents (in the case of counsel for the indemnified parties referred

to in Section 10(a) above) or by the Company (in the case of counsel for the indemnified parties referred to in Section 10(b)

above), (ii) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified

party within a reasonable time after notice of commencement of the action or (iii) the indemnifying party has authorized in writing the

employment of counsel for the indemnified party at the expense of the indemnifying party, in each of which cases the fees and expenses

of counsel shall be at the expense of the indemnifying party and shall be paid as they are incurred. Any interim reimbursement payments

contemplated by Section 10(a) or Section 10(b) that are not made to the indemnified party within 30 days of a request for

reimbursement shall bear interest compounded daily at a rate determined on the basis of the base lending rate announced from time to time

by The Wall Street Journal from the date of such request.

d)       Settlements.

The indemnifying party under this Section 10 shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written

consent, but if settled with such consent or if there shall be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying party agrees to indemnify

the indemnified party against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense by reason of such settlement or judgment. No indemnifying

party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement, compromise or consent to the entry of

judgment in any pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party

and indemnity was or could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes

an unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such action, suit or proceeding

and does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.

SECTION 11.

Contribution. If the indemnification provided for in Section 10 (Indemnification) hereof is for any reason

held to be unavailable to or otherwise insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party in respect of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities

or expenses referred to therein, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the aggregate amount paid or payable by such indemnified

party, as incurred, as a result of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to therein (i) in such proportion as

is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, from the

offering of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) above is not permitted by applicable

law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) above but also the

relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, in connection with the statements or omissions which

resulted in such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative

benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant

to this Agreement shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the total net proceeds from the offering of the Shares pursuant

to this Agreement (before deducting expenses) received by the Company, and the total compensation received by the Agents. The relative

fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether

any such untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information

supplied by the Company, on the one hand, or the Agents, on the other hand, and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access

to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.

The amount paid or payable by a party as a result

of the Losses referred to above shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 10(c) (Indemnification)

hereof, any legal or other fees or expenses reasonably incurred by such party in connection with investigating or defending any action

or claim. The provisions set forth in Section 10(c) (Indemnification) hereof with respect to notice of commencement of any

action shall apply if a claim for contribution is to be made under this Section 11; provided, however, that no additional

notice shall be required with respect to any action for which notice has been given under Section 10(c) (Indemnification)

hereof for purposes of indemnification.

The Company and the Agents agree severally

and not jointly that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 11 were determined by pro rata

allocation or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in this Section

11. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 11, the Agents shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess

of the compensation received by it in connection with the Placement Shares distributed by it to the public. No person guilty of fraudulent

misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was

not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 11, each officer, employee and agent of the Agents

and each person, if any, who controls the Agents within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights

to contribution as the Agents, and each director of the Company, each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and

each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act shall have the same rights

to contribution as the Company.

SECTION 12.

Representations and Indemnities to Survive Delivery. The respective indemnities, contribution and reimbursement agreements,

representations and warranties of the Company and of the Agents set forth in this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless

of any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agents or the Company or any of its or their respective officers or directors or any

controlling person, as the case may be, and, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, will survive delivery of and payment for

the Placement Shares sold hereunder and any termination of this Agreement.

SECTION 13.

Termination of this Agreement.

a)       The Applicable

Agent shall have the right, by giving notice as hereinafter specified at any time, to terminate its obligations pursuant to a Placement

Notice if (i) trading in the Company’s Common Stock shall have been suspended or limited by the Commission or by the Exchange, or

trading in securities generally on either the Nasdaq Stock Market or the New York Stock Exchange shall have been suspended or materially

limited, or minimum or maximum prices shall have been generally established on any of such stock exchanges by the Commission or FINRA;

(ii) a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any of federal or New York authorities; or (iii) there shall have occurred

any outbreak or escalation of national or international hostilities or any crisis or calamity, or any change in the United States or international

financial markets, or any substantial change or development involving a prospective substantial change in the United States’ or

international political, financial or economic conditions, as in the judgment of the Agents is material and adverse and makes it impracticable

or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares in the manner and on the terms described in the Prospectus or to enforce contracts for the

sale of securities; (iv) in the judgment of the Applicable Agent there shall have occurred any Material Adverse Change; or (v) the Company

or any of its subsidiaries shall have sustained a loss by strike, fire, flood, earthquake, accident or other calamity of such character

as in the judgment of the Applicable Agent may interfere materially with the conduct of the business and operations of the Company and

any of its subsidiaries taken as a whole, regardless of whether or not such loss shall have been insured. Any termination pursuant to

this Section 13(a) shall be without liability on the part of (a) the Company to the Applicable Agent, except that the Company shall

be obligated to reimburse the expenses of the Applicable Agent pursuant to Sections 7(h) (Expenses) hereof, (b) the Applicable

Agent to the Company, or (c) of any party hereto to any other party except that the provisions of Section 10 (Indemnification)

and Section 11 (Contribution) hereof shall at all times be effective and shall survive such termination.

b)       The Company

shall have the right to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination

shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(h) (Expenses), Section

10 (Indemnification), Section 11 (Contribution), Section 18 (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction)

and Section 19 (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.

c)       Each

Agent shall have the right to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination

shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(h) (Expenses), Section

10 (Indemnification), Section 11 (Contribution), Section 18 (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction)

and Section 19 (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.

d)       Unless

earlier terminated pursuant to this Section 13, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of all

of the Shares through the Agents on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; provided that the provisions of Section

7(h) (Expenses), Section 10 (Indemnification), Section 11 (Contribution), Section 18 (Applicable

Law; Consent to Jurisdiction) and Section 19 (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding

such termination.

e)       This

Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 13(a), (b), (c), or (d)

above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; provided however, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in

all cases be deemed to provide that Section 7(h) (Expenses), Section 10 (Indemnification), Section 11

(Contribution), Section 18 (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction) and Section 19 (Waiver of Jury Trial)

shall remain in full force and effect.

f)        Any termination

of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided however, that such termination

shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agents or the Company, as the case may

be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle

in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.

SECTION 14.

Notices. All communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be mailed, hand delivered or transmitted and confirmed

by any standard form of communication to the parties hereto as follows:

If to the Agents:

Raymond James & Associates, Inc.

880 Carillon Parkway

St. Petersburg, Florida 33716

Email: GEIBLegal@raymondjames.com

Attn: Brad Cole, General Counsel, Global Equities

and

Needham & Company, LLC

250 Park Avenue

New York, New York 10177

Email: mcastrovince@needhamco.com

Attn: Matthew Castrovince, Head of Technology Capital Markets

with a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):

Mayer Brown LLP

1221 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10020-1001

Facsimile: (212) 849-5767

Email: apinedo@mayerbrown.com

Attention: Anna T. Pinedo

If to the Company:

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd

Sugar Land, Texas 77478

Facsimile: (281) 966-6988

Attention: David C. Kuo

with a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):

Haynes and Boone, LLP

1221 McKinney Street, Suite 4000

Houston, TX 77010-2007

Facsimile: (713) 236-5659

Attention: Frank Wu

Any party hereto may change the address for receipt

of communications by giving written notice to the others.

SECTION 15.

Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Agents and

their respective successors, permitted assigns and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers, directors, employees and agents referred

to in Section 10 (Indemnification) hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed

to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon

any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities

under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. No party may assign its rights or obligations under

this Agreement without the prior written consent of each of the other parties; provided however, that an Agent may assign its rights

and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of such Agent without obtaining the Company’s consent.

SECTION 16.

Adjustments for Stock Splits. The parties acknowledge and agree that all stock-related numbers contained in this Agreement

shall be adjusted to take into account any stock split, stock dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Shares.

SECTION 17.

Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement

Notices issued pursuant hereto and not declined by the Agents) constitutes the entire agreement of the parties to this Agreement and supersedes

all prior written or oral and all contemporaneous oral agreements, understandings and negotiations with respect to the subject matter

hereof. This Agreement may not be amended or modified unless in writing by all of the parties hereto, and no condition herein (express

or implied) may be waived unless waived in writing by each party whom the condition is meant to benefit. In the event that any one or

more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as

written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent

that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal

or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder

of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.

SECTION 18.

Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal

laws of the State of New York applicable to agreements made and to be performed in such state. Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising

out of or based upon this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby may be instituted in the federal courts of the United States

of America located in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York or the courts of the State of New York in each case located in

the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York (collectively, the “Specified Courts”), and each party irrevocably

submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to the enforcement of a judgment of any such court,

as to which such jurisdiction is non-exclusive) of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any process, summons,

notice or document by mail to such party’s address set forth above shall be effective service of process for any suit, action or

other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of

any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim

in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.

SECTION 19.

Waiver of Jury Trial. The Company and the Agents each hereby irrevocably waives any right it may have to a trial by jury

in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby.

SECTION 20.

Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:

a)       Each

of the Agents have been retained solely to act as agent in connection with the sale of the Shares and that no fiduciary, advisory or agency

relationship between the Company and either of the Agents has been created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this

Agreement, irrespective of whether either of the Agents has advised or is advising the Company on other matters;

b)       Company

is capable of evaluating and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated

by this Agreement;

c)       the Company

has been advised that each of the Agents and their respective affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve

interests that differ from those of the Company and that each of the Agents has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions

to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and

d)       the Company

waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against each of the Agents, for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged

breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that each of the Agents shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company in respect

of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of or in right of the Company, including stockholders,

partners, employees or creditors of the Company.

SECTION 21.

Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but

all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery may be made by facsimile, electronic mail (including any

electronic signature covered by the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic Signatures and

Records Act or other applicable law, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed

to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.

SECTION 22.

Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolutions Regime.

a)       In the

event that any Agent is a Covered Entity (as defined below) becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime (as

defined below), the transfer from such Agent of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective

to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest

and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.

b)       In the

event that any Agent is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate (as defined below) of such Agent becomes subject to a proceeding under

a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights (as defined below) under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Agent are

permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if

this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.

For purposes of this Section 22: (A) “BHC

Act Affiliate” has the meaning assigned to the term “affiliate” in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with,

12 U.S.C. § 1841(k); (B) “Covered Entity” means any of the following: (i) a “covered entity”

as the term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b); (ii) a “covered bank” as that term

is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or (iii) a “covered FSI” as that term is defined

in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 382.2(b); (C) “Default Right” has the meaning assigned

to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable; and (D) “U.S.

Special Resolution Regime” means each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder

and (ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

SECTION 23.

Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:

a)       “Applicable

Time” means the date of this Agreement, each Representation Date, the date on which a Placement Notice is given, any date

on which Placement Shares are sold hereunder and each Settlement Date, or such other time as agreed to by the Company and the Agents.

b)       “GAAP”

means United States generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied.

c)       “Business

Day” means any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.

SECTION 24.

General. Each of the parties hereto acknowledges that it is a sophisticated business person who was adequately represented

by counsel during negotiations regarding the provisions hereof, including, without limitation, the indemnification provisions of Section

10 (Indemnification) and the contribution provisions of Section 11 (Contribution), and is fully informed regarding

said provisions. Each of the parties hereto further acknowledges that the provisions of Sections 10 (Indemnification) and

11 (Contribution) hereto fairly allocate the risks in light of the ability of the parties to investigate the Company, its

affairs and its business in order to assure that adequate disclosure has been made in the Registration Statement, each free writing prospectus

and the Prospectus (and any amendments and supplements thereto), as required by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. The section headings

herein are for the convenience of the parties only and shall not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement.

[Signature Pages Follow]

If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding

between the Company and each of the Agents, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall

constitute a binding agreement between the Company and each of the Agents.

Very truly yours,

APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.

By:

/s/ Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin

Name:

Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin

Title:

President, CEO & Chairman

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above

written:

RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES,

INC.

By:

/s/ Geoffrey M. Tobin

Name:

Geoffrey M. Tobin

Title:

Managing Director – Investment Banking

NEEDHAM & COMPANY, LLC

By:

/s/ Matthew Castrovince

Name:

Matthew Castrovince

Title:

Managing Director

SCHEDULE 1

FORM OF PLACEMENT NOTICE

From: [ ]

Cc: [ ]

To: [ ]

Subject: Controlled Equity Offering — Placement Notice

Gentlemen:

Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions

contained in the Equity Distribution Agreement between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. (the “Company”), and Raymond James

& Associates, Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC, dated May [●], 2026 (the “Agreement”), I hereby request

on behalf of the Company that [●] (the “Agent”) sell up to [●] shares of the Company’s common stock,

par value $0.001 per share, at a minimum market price of $[●] per share, during the time period beginning [month, day, time] and

ending [month, day, time]. The foregoing sales shall be made on The Nasdaq Global Market or as otherwise agreed to in writing by the Company

and the Agent.

APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.

By:

Name:

Title:

SCHEDULE 2

RAYMOND

JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC.

Geoffrey

M. Tobin

Geoffrey.tobin@raymondjames.com

Jeff

Fordham

Jeff.fordham@raymondjames.com

NEEDHAM

& COMPANY, LLC

Matthew

Castrovince

Mcastrovince@needhamco.com

Jack

Higgins

Jhiggins@needhamco.com

APPLIED

OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.

Chih-Hsiang

(Thompson)

chlin@ao-inc.com

Stefan

Murry

Smurry@ao-inc.com

SCHEDULE 3

FREE WRITING PROSPECTUS

None.

Exhibit 7(n)

OFFICERS’ CERTIFICATE

Pursuant to Section 7(n) of the Equity Distribution

Agreement between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Company”), Raymond James & Associates,

Inc., and Needham & Company, LLC, dated May [●], 2026 (the “Agreement”), each of the undersigned,

Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin, the duly qualified and elected Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Stefan

Murry, the duly qualified and elected Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies solely in his capacity and on behalf of

the Company, that to the best of his knowledge:

i.       The

representations and warranties of the Company in Section 6 of the Agreement (A) to the extent such representations and warranties are

subject to qualifications and exceptions contained therein relating to materiality or result in a Material Adverse Change, are true and

correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof, except for those

representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date, and (B) to the

extent such representations and warranties are not subject to any qualifications or exceptions, are true and correct in all material respects

as of the date hereof as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date

hereof except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such

date; and

ii.       The

Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Agreement

at or prior to the date hereof.

By:

Name:

Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin

Title:

Chairman, President and CEO

By:

Name:

Stefan J. Murry

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Date:

Exhibit 7(o)(1)

Form of Legal Opinion of Haynes and Boone,

LLP

[Omitted.]

EX-5.1 — EXHIBIT 5.1

EX-5.1

Filename: tm2614157d2_ex5-1.htm · Sequence: 3

Exhibit 5.1

May 14, 2026

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.

Sugar Land, TX 77478

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel for

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the issuance and sale

by the Company from time to time on a delayed continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the

“Securities Act”), of (i) securities, including shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.001 par value

per share (the “Common Stock”), registered pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-283905)

(including the prospectus contained therein, the “Registration Statement”) filed with the Securities and Exchange

Commission (the “Commission”); and (ii) the prospectus supplement, dated May 14, 2026 (the “Prospectus

Supplement”), relating to the issuance and sale from time to time by the Company of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate

offering price of up to $600,000,000 (the “Shares”). The Shares are to be issued and sold by the Company pursuant

to an Equity Distribution Agreement, dated May 14, 2026 (the “Distribution Agreement”), among the Company, Raymond

James & Associates, Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC. The Distribution Agreement will be filed with the Commission as Exhibit 1.1

to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 14, 2026.

For purposes of the opinion

we express below, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified, of (i) the certificate of incorporation and

bylaws, each as amended to date, of the Company (the “Company Charter Documents”); (ii) the Registration Statement

and all exhibits thereto; (iii) the Prospectus Supplement and all exhibits thereto; (iv) the Distribution Agreement and all exhibits thereto;

(v) the minutes and records of the corporate proceedings of the Company with respect to the filing of the Registration Statement and the

Prospectus Supplement and the entering into of the Distribution Agreement; and (vi) such other corporate records of the Company as we

have deemed necessary or appropriate for purposes of the opinion hereafter expressed.

As to questions of fact material

to the opinion expressed below, we have, without independent verification of their accuracy, relied to the extent we deem reasonably appropriate

upon the representations and warranties of the Company contained in such documents, records, certificates, instruments or representations

furnished or made available to us by the Company.

In making the foregoing examination,

we have assumed (i) the genuineness of all signatures, (ii) the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, (iii) the

conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies, (iv) that all agreements or instruments

we have examined are the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the parties thereto, and (v) that all factual information on which

we have relied was accurate and complete.

We have also assumed that

(i) the Prospectus Supplement has been timely filed with the Commission; (ii) the Company will issue and deliver the Shares in the manner

contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus Supplement and the Distribution Agreement; (iii) the Shares will be issued

in compliance with applicable federal and state securities law; (iv) no stop orders of the Commission preventing or suspending the use

of the Prospectus Supplement will have been issued; and (v) the Company will receive consideration for the issuance of the Shares that

is at least equal to the par value of the Common Stock.

Based on the foregoing, and

subject to the limitations and qualifications set forth herein, we are of the opinion that when issued and paid for in accordance with

the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

The opinion expressed herein

is limited to the Delaware General Corporation Law as in effect on the date hereof.

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

May 14, 2026

Page 2

We hereby consent to the filing

of this letter as Exhibit 5.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K to be filed by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of

the Shares in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and to the reference to our

firm therein and in the Prospectus Supplement under the caption “Legal Matters.” In giving this consent, we do not hereby

admit we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission

thereunder.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Haynes and Boone, LLP

XML — IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT

XML

Filename: R1.htm · Sequence: 8

v3.26.1

Cover

May 14, 2026

Cover [Abstract]

Document Type

8-K

Amendment Flag

false

Document Period End Date

May 14, 2026

Entity File Number

001-36083

Entity Registrant Name

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

Entity Central Index Key

0001158114

Entity Tax Identification Number

76-0533927

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

Entity Address, Address Line One

13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.

Entity Address, City or Town

Sugar Land

Entity Address, State or Province

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

77478

City Area Code

281

Local Phone Number

295-1800

Written Communications

false

Soliciting Material

false

Pre-commencement Tender Offer

false

Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer

false

Title of 12(b) Security

Common Stock, Par value $0.001

Trading Symbol

AAOI

Security Exchange Name

NASDAQ

Entity Emerging Growth Company

false

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_AmendmentFlag

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Area code of city

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_CityAreaCode

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Cover page.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_CoverAbstract

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:stringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:dateItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_DocumentType

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:submissionTypeItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Name of the City or Town

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Code for the postal or zip code

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Name of the state or province.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:stateOrProvinceItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityCentralIndexKey

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:centralIndexKeyItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityFileNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:fileNumberItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:edgarStateCountryItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityRegistrantName

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:employerIdItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Local phone number for entity.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_LocalPhoneNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 13e

-Subsection 4c

+ Details

Name:

dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 14d

-Subsection 2b

+ Details

Name:

dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Title of a 12(b) registered security.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b

+ Details

Name:

dei_Security12bTitle

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:securityTitleItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection d1-1

+ Details

Name:

dei_SecurityExchangeName

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 14a

-Subsection 12

+ Details

Name:

dei_SolicitingMaterial

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_TradingSymbol

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:tradingSymbolItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Securities Act

-Number 230

-Section 425

+ Details

Name:

dei_WrittenCommunications

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration