Form 8-K

8-K — GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

Accession: 0001743725-26-000029

Filed: 2026-10-29

Period: 2026-10-29

CIK: 0001743725

SIC: 7372 (SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE)

Item: Results of Operations and Financial Condition

Item: Financial Statements and Exhibits

Documents

8-K — gdyn-20261029.htm (Primary)

EX-99.1 (grid-20260930xex991.htm)

XML — IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT (R1.htm)

8-K

8-K (Primary)

Filename: gdyn-20261029.htm · Sequence: 1

gdyn-20261029

0001743725FALSE00017437252026-10-292026-10-29

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): October 29, 2026

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware 001-38685 83-0632724

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) (Commission File Number) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6101 Bollinger Canyon Road, Suite 465

San Ramon, CA 94583

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 523-5000

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

o Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

o Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share GDYN The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR §230.405) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR §240.12b-2).

Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

On October 29, 2026, Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. issued a press release announcing its results for the quarter ended September 30, 2026. A copy of the press release is furnished herewith as Exhibit 99.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information in this Current Report on Form 8-K and the accompanying Exhibit 99.1 shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing, unless expressly incorporated by reference in such filing.

Item 9.01. Financial Statement and Exhibits.

(d) Exhibits.

Exhibit No. Document

99.1

Press release dated October 29, 2026

104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

Dated: October 29, 2026

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

By: /s/ Anil Doradla

Name: Anil Doradla

Title: Chief Financial Officer

EX-99.1

Filename: grid-20260930xex991.htm · Sequence: 2

Document

Exhibit 99.1

Grid Dynamics Reports Record Third Quarter 2026 Financial Results

Revenues of $114.3 million and Record AI Revenues of 31%

San Ramon, Calif. — October 29, 2026 – Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (Nasdaq: GDYN) (“Grid Dynamics” or the “Company”), a leader in enterprise-level AI and digital transformation, today announced results for the quarter ended September 30, 2026.

Third Quarter 2026 Revenues Performance

We are pleased to report third quarter 2026 revenues of $114.3 million, above the high end of our guidance range of $112.0 million to $114.0 million that we provided in July 2026.

Our Technology, Media and Telecom (“TMT”) vertical was our principal growth driver, representing 32.3% of the third quarter revenues. TMT revenues increased 29.3% year-over-year and 7.6% sequentially, driven by higher demand from our largest technology customers as well as new customers. Retail remained our second-largest vertical, contributing 27.2% of total revenues for the third quarter of 2026, an increase of 13.3% year-over-year and 8.5% sequentially, driven by increased demand from specialty retailers. The Finance vertical contributed 22.5% of the third quarter revenues, an increase of 3.9% sequentially, supported by ongoing demand from global capital market customers. Our Consumer Packaged Goods (“CPG”) and Manufacturing vertical represented 10.9% of quarterly revenues and increased 5.8% sequentially. Lastly, the Healthcare and Pharma, and Other verticals contributed 1.8% and 5.3% of the third quarter revenues, respectively.

“Q3 2026 was a pivotal quarter for Grid Dynamics, delivering record revenue, record EBITDA, and AI-native programs in production at some of the world’s largest enterprises. AI revenue has grown over 45% year-over-year for three consecutive quarters and is now 31% of total revenue. We delivered a 40% gross margin and a 20% EBITDA margin, exceeding our 300 basis point margin commitment a quarter sooner than planned. This is a reflection of substantial enhancements to our business model, not a one-time event.

We are growing faster, more profitably, and precisely where enterprise AI spend is accelerating. We enter the fourth quarter with confidence and a positive backdrop for 2027, backed by the momentum and structural foundation to sustain it in the years ahead,” said Leonard Livschitz, Chief Executive Officer.

Third Quarter 2026 Financial Highlights

•Total revenues were $114.3 million, up 5.7% sequentially and 9.7% year-over-year.

•GAAP gross profit was $46.1 million, or 40.3% of revenues, compared to $34.7 million, or 33.3% of revenues, in the third quarter of 2025.

•Non-GAAP gross profit was $46.5 million, or 40.6% of revenues, compared to $35.2 million, or 33.8% of revenues, in the third quarter of 2025.

•GAAP net income was $6.2 million, or $0.08 per share, based on 81.9 million diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding in the third quarter of 2026, compared to $1.2 million, or $0.01 per share, based on 85.8 million diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding, in the third quarter of 2025.

•Non-GAAP net income was $14.7 million, or $0.18 per diluted share, based on 81.9 million diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding in the third quarter of 2026, compared to $8.2 million, or $0.09 per diluted share, based on 85.8 million diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding, in the third quarter of 2025.

•Non-GAAP EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, other income and expenses, fair value adjustments, stock-based compensation, transaction and transformation-related costs, and restructuring costs as well as geographic reorganization expenses), a non-GAAP metric, was $22.9 million, or 20.0% of revenues, compared to $12.7 million, or 12.2% of revenues, in the third quarter of 2025.

See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Information” below for a discussion of our non-GAAP measures.

Cash Flow and Other Metrics

•Cash provided by operating activities was $30.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to $30.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

•The Company spent $35.5 million to repurchase 5.3 million shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2026, under its $50 million share repurchase program, which included $6.7 million, or 0.9 million shares, during the third quarter of 2026.

•Cash and cash equivalents totaled $304.3 million as of September 30, 2026, compared to $342.1 million as of December 31, 2025.

•Total headcount was 4,559 as of September 30, 2026, compared with 4,971 as of September 30, 2025.

Financial Outlook

Fourth Quarter

•The Company expects revenues in the fourth quarter of 2026 to be in the range of $113.5 to $115.5 million.

•Non-GAAP EBITDA in the fourth quarter of 2026 is expected to be between $20.0 and $22.0 million.

•For the fourth quarter of 2026, we expect our basic share count to be in the 81 - 82 million range and diluted share count to be in the 82 - 83 million range.

Grid Dynamics is not able, at this time, to provide GAAP targets for net income/(loss) for the fourth quarter of 2026 because of the difficulty of estimating certain items excluded from Non-GAAP EBITDA that cannot be reasonably predicted, such as interest income, taxes, other income/(expenses), fair-value adjustments, geographic reorganization expenses, restructuring expenses, transaction-related costs and charges related to stock-based compensation expense. The effect of these excluded items may be significant.

Conference Call and Webcast

Grid Dynamics will host a video conference call at 4:30 p.m. ET on Thursday, October 29, 2026 to discuss its third quarter financial results. Investors and other interested parties can access a webcast of the video conference call on the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website at https://www.griddynamics.com/investors.

A replay will also be available after the call at https://www.griddynamics.com/investors with the passcode $Q3@2026.

About Grid Dynamics

Grid Dynamics (Nasdaq: GDYN) is a premier AI transformation partner for the Fortune 1000. We combine deep AI expertise with proven enterprise-scale delivery to help clients identify where to invest in AI, build systems that work at scale, and capture real business value from AI deployments. A key differentiator for Grid Dynamics is our two decades of technology leadership and pioneering enterprise AI expertise. Founded in 2006, Grid Dynamics is headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices across the Americas, Europe, and India.

To learn more about Grid Dynamics, please visit https://www.griddynamics.com. Follow us on LinkedIn.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement the financial measures presented in this Grid Dynamics press release in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), the Company also presents non-GAAP measures of financial performance.

A “non-GAAP financial measure” refers to a numerical measure of Grid Dynamics historical or future financial performance or financial position that is included in (or excluded from) the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Grid Dynamics provides certain non-GAAP measures as additional information relating to its

operating results as a complement to results provided in accordance with GAAP. The non-GAAP financial information presented herein should be considered in conjunction with, and not as a substitute for or superior to, the financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered a measure of liquidity and profitability.

Grid Dynamics has included these non-GAAP financial measures because they are financial measures used by Grid Dynamics’ management to evaluate Grid Dynamics’ core operating performance and trends, to make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and new investments and are among the factors analyzed in making performance-based compensation decisions for key personnel.

Grid Dynamics believes the use of non-GAAP financial measures, as a supplement to GAAP measures, is useful to investors in that they eliminate items that are either not part of core operations or do not require a cash outlay, such as stock-based compensation expense. Grid Dynamics believes these non-GAAP measures provide investors and other users of its financial information consistency and comparability with its past financial performance and facilitate period to period comparisons of operations. Grid Dynamics believes these non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating its operating performance compared to that of other companies in its industry, as they generally eliminate the effects of certain items that may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.

There are significant limitations associated with the use of non-GAAP financial measures. Further, these measures may differ from the non-GAAP information, even where similarly titled, used by other companies and therefore should not be used to compare our performance to that of other companies. Grid Dynamics compensates for these limitations by providing investors and other users of its financial information a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the related GAAP financial measures. Grid Dynamics encourages investors and others to review its financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure, and to view its non-GAAP measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures. Please see the reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures attached to this release.

Forward-Looking Statements

This communication contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are not historical facts, and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results of Grid Dynamics to differ materially from those expected and projected. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “potential,” “projects,” “predicts,” “continue,” or “should,” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the quotations of management, the section titled “Financial Outlook,” and statements concerning Grid Dynamics’s expectations with respect to future performance, particularly in light of the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Factors that may cause such differences include, but are not limited to: (i) Grid Dynamics operates in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate future prospects and may increase the risk that it will not continue to be successful; (ii) Grid Dynamics may be unable to effectively manage its growth or achieve anticipated growth, particularly as it expands into new geographies, which could place significant strain on Grid Dynamics’ management personnel, systems and resources; (iii) Grid Dynamics’ revenues are highly dependent on a limited number of clients and industries, and any decrease in demand for outsourced services in these industries, or in general as a result of artificial intelligence (“AI”) or other technologies, may reduce Grid Dynamics’ revenues and adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations; (iv) macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, the risk of recession, the impact of tariffs and other factors impacting world trade, and the geopolitical climate, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the conflict with Iran, have and may continue to materially adversely affect our stock price, business operations, overall financial performance and growth prospects; (v) Grid Dynamics’ revenues are highly dependent on clients primarily located in the United States, and any economic downturn in the United States or in other parts of the world, including Europe or disruptions in the credit markets may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations; (vi) Grid Dynamics faces intense and increasing competition; (vii) Grid Dynamics’ failure to successfully attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations; (viii) failure to adapt to rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards, including those relating to AI, may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations; (ix) issues relating to the use of AI technologies may result in reputational harm or liability, (x) security breaches and other incidents could expose us to liability and cause our business and reputation to suffer; (xi) failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to clients’ businesses may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations; (xii) risks and costs related to acquiring and integrating other

companies; (xiii) risks relating to the global regulatory environment as well as legal proceedings and other claims, (xiv) risks related to the new and rapidly challenging AI business and (xv) other risks and uncertainties indicated in Grid Dynamics filings with the SEC.

Grid Dynamics cautions that the foregoing list of factors is not exclusive. Grid Dynamics cautions readers not to place undue reliance upon any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Grid Dynamics does not undertake or accept any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in its expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Further information about factors that could materially affect Grid Dynamics, including its results of operations and financial condition, is set forth under the “Risk Factors” section of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed March 5, 2026 and in other periodic filings Grid Dynamics makes with the SEC.

Contacts

Grid Dynamics Investor Relations:

investorrelations@griddynamics.com

Schedule 1:

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Unaudited

(In thousands, except per share data)

Three Months Ended

September 30, Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026 2025 2026 2025

Revenues $ 114,294 $ 104,163 $ 326,558 $ 305,673

Cost of revenues 68,212 69,452 204,625 199,462

Gross profit 46,082 34,711 121,933 106,211

Operating expenses

Engineering, research, and development 6,518 5,759 19,020 18,989

Sales and marketing 7,104 7,339 21,920 22,712

General and administrative 23,323 21,854 74,261 66,911

Total operating expenses 36,945 34,952 115,201 108,612

Income/(loss) from operations 9,137 (241) 6,732 (2,401)

Other income, net

2,237 3,364 8,665 15,294

Income before income taxes 11,374 3,123 15,397 12,893

Provision for income taxes 5,210 1,946 7,854 3,531

Net income $ 6,164 $ 1,177 $ 7,543 $ 9,362

Income per share

Basic $ 0.08 $ 0.01 $ 0.09 $ 0.11

Diluted $ 0.08 $ 0.01 $ 0.09 $ 0.11

Weighted average shares outstanding

Basic 80,722 84,695 82,547 84,467

Diluted 81,894 85,839 83,576 86,740

Schedule 2:

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

Unaudited

(In thousands, except per share data)

As of

September 30,

2026 December 31,

2025

Assets

Current assets

Cash and cash equivalents

$ 304,287 $ 342,058

Accounts receivables, net of allowance of $4,439 and $3,721 as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively

84,712 71,260

Unbilled receivables 11,254 8,225

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

16,215 17,987

Total current assets

416,468 439,530

Property and equipment, net

16,947 17,666

Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 14,749 16,383

Intangible assets, net

45,660 41,608

Goodwill 92,426 84,364

Deferred tax assets 9,850 8,865

Other noncurrent assets 6,243 4,474

Total assets

$ 602,343 $ 612,890

Liabilities and equity

Current liabilities

Accounts payable

$ 4,710 $ 3,698

Accrued compensation and benefits

28,850 25,555

Operating lease liabilities, current 5,360 6,253

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 17,827 16,608

Total current liabilities

56,747 52,114

Deferred tax liabilities

9,913 7,920

Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent 10,216 10,783

Contingent consideration payable, noncurrent 1,555 —

Other noncurrent liabilities 134 —

Total liabilities

$ 78,565 $ 70,817

Stockholders’ equity

Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 110,000 shares authorized; 85,799 and 84,843 issued, 80,317 and 84,642 outstanding, as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively

$ 9 $ 8

Additional paid-in capital

558,846 545,188

Retained earnings/(Accumulated deficit) 5,366 (2,177)

Treasury stock (37,464) (2,000)

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income

(2,979) 1,054

Total stockholders’ equity

$ 523,778 $ 542,073

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity

$ 602,343 $ 612,890

Schedule 3:

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP INFORMATION

Unaudited

(In thousands, except per share data)

Three Months Ended

September 30, Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026 2025 2026 2025

Revenues

$ 114,294 $ 104,163 $ 326,558 $ 305,673

Cost of revenues

68,212 69,452 204,625 199,462

GAAP gross profit 46,082 34,711 121,933 106,211

Stock-based compensation 376 529 1,219 1,663

Non-GAAP gross profit $ 46,458 $ 35,240 $ 123,152 $ 107,874

Three Months Ended

September 30, Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026 2025 2026 2025

GAAP net income

$ 6,164 $ 1,177 $ 7,543 $ 9,362

Adjusted for:

Depreciation and amortization 5,909 5,010 16,381 14,629

Provision for income taxes 5,210 1,946 7,854 3,531

Stock-based compensation 5,309 6,356 18,192 23,816

Transaction and transformation-related costs(1)

281 348 1,568 1,109

Geographic reorganization(2)

279 310 991 1,121

Restructuring costs(3)

1,985 913 6,278 1,776

Interest and other income, net (4)

(2,237) (3,364) (8,665) (15,294)

Non-GAAP EBITDA $ 22,900 $ 12,696 $ 50,142 $ 40,050

__________________________

(1)Transaction and transformation-related costs include, when applicable, external deal costs, transaction-related professional fees, transaction-related retention bonuses, which are allocated proportionally across cost of revenues, engineering, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as well as other transaction-related costs including integration expenses consisting of outside professional and consulting services.

(2)Geographic reorganization includes expenses connected with military actions of Russia against Ukraine and the exit plan announced by the Company and includes travel and relocation-related expenses of employees from the aforementioned countries, severance payments, allowances as well as legal and professional fees related to geographic repositioning in various locations. These expenses are incremental to those expenses incurred prior to the crisis, clearly separable from normal operations, and not expected to recur once the crisis has subsided and operations return to normal.

(3)Our restructuring costs include severance benefits and related employer taxes, as well as facility-related exit costs. These charges are presented within general and administrative expenses in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

(4)Interest and other income, net consist primarily of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions, fair value adjustments, interest on cash held at banks and returns on investments in money-market funds, and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses.

Three Months Ended

September 30, Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026 2025 2026 2025

GAAP net income

$ 6,164 $ 1,177 $ 7,543 $ 9,362

Adjusted for:

Stock-based compensation 5,309 6,356 18,192 23,816

Transaction and transformation-related costs (1)

281 348 1,568 1,109

Geographic reorganization (2)

279 310 991 1,121

Restructuring costs(3)

1,985 913 6,278 1,776

Other (income)/expense, net(4)

49 (327) (1,504) (5,985)

Tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments(5)

584 (627) (1,967) (4,804)

Non-GAAP net income

$ 14,651 $ 8,150 $ 31,101 $ 26,395

Number of shares used in the GAAP diluted EPS

81,894 85,839 83,576 86,740

GAAP diluted EPS

$ 0.08 $ 0.01 $ 0.09 $ 0.11

Number of shares used in the non-GAAP diluted EPS 81,894 85,839 83,576 86,740

Non-GAAP diluted EPS

$ 0.18 $ 0.09 $ 0.37 $ 0.30

__________________________

(4)Other (income)/expense, net consists primarily of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions, fair value adjustments, and other miscellaneous non-operating income and expense.

(5)Reflects the estimated tax impact of the non-GAAP adjustments presented in the table.

Schedule 4:

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

REVENUES BY VERTICALS

Unaudited

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three Months Ended

September 30, Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026 2025 2026 2025

Technology, Media and Telecom $ 36,964 32.3 % $ 28,579 27.4 % $ 102,080 31.3 % $ 77,369 25.3 %

Retail 31,065 27.2 % 27,412 26.3 % 87,488 26.8 % 87,412 28.6 %

Finance 25,700 22.5 % 25,623 24.6 % 74,890 22.9 % 76,037 24.9 %

CPG/Manufacturing 12,479 10.9 % 12,451 12.0 % 35,823 11.0 % 34,904 11.5 %

Healthcare and Pharma 2,072 1.8 % 2,422 2.3 % 6,335 1.9 % 7,383 2.4 %

Other 6,014 5.3 % 7,676 7.4 % 19,942 6.1 % 22,568 7.3 %

Total $ 114,294 100.0 % $ 104,163 100.0 % $ 326,558 100.0 % $ 305,673 100.0 %

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xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityFileNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:fileNumberItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:edgarStateCountryItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityRegistrantName

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b-2

+ Details

Name:

dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:employerIdItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Local phone number for entity.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_LocalPhoneNumber

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:normalizedStringItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 13e

-Subsection 4c

+ Details

Name:

dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 14d

-Subsection 2b

+ Details

Name:

dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Title of a 12(b) registered security.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection b

+ Details

Name:

dei_Security12bTitle

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:securityTitleItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 12

-Subsection d1-1

+ Details

Name:

dei_SecurityExchangeName

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Exchange Act

-Number 240

-Section 14a

-Subsection 12

+ Details

Name:

dei_SolicitingMaterial

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:

dei_TradingSymbol

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

dei:tradingSymbolItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration

- Definition

Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

-Publisher SEC

-Name Securities Act

-Number 230

-Section 425

+ Details

Name:

dei_WrittenCommunications

Namespace Prefix:

dei_

Data Type:

xbrli:booleanItemType

Balance Type:

Period Type:

duration