Form 8-K
8-K — UNITED STATES ANTIMONY CORP
Accession: 0001104659-26-041802
Filed: 2026-04-10
Period: 2026-04-10
CIK: 0000101538
SIC: 3330 (PRIMARY SMELTING & REFINING OF NONFERROUS METALS)
Item: Other Events
Item: Financial Statements and Exhibits
Documents
8-K — tm2610675d1_8k.htm (Primary)
EX-23.1 — EXHIBIT 23.1 (tm2610675d1_ex23-1.htm)
EX-99 — EXHIBIT 99 (tm2610675d1_ex99.htm)
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XML — IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT (R1.htm)
8-K — FORM 8-K
8-K (Primary)
Filename: tm2610675d1_8k.htm · Sequence: 1
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0000101538
UNITED STATES ANTIMONY CORPORATION
0000101538
2026-04-10
2026-04-10
0000101538
UAMY:CommonStockOneMember
2026-04-10
2026-04-10
0000101538
UAMY:CommonStockTwoMember
2026-04-10
2026-04-10
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT
Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Date of report (Date of earliest event reported)
April 10, 2026
UNITED
STATES ANTIMONY CORPORATION
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Texas
001-08675
81-0305822
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation)
(Commission
File No.)
(IRS Employer
Identification Number)
4438
W. Lovers Lane, Unit
100, Dallas,
TX
75209
(Address of principal executive officers)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including
area code: (406) 606-4117
Not Applicable
(Former name or former address, if changed since
last report.)
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K
filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
¨
Written communications
pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
¨
Soliciting material pursuant
to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
¨
Pre-commencement communications
pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
¨
Pre-commencement communications
pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c)) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of
the Act:
Title
of each class
Trading
Symbol(s)
Name
of each exchange on which registered
Common
Stock, $0.01 par value
UAMY
NYSE
Common
Stock, $0.01 par value
UAMY
NYSE
Texas
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check
mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Item 8.01 Other Events.
On April 10, 2026, United States Antimony Corporation
(the “Company”) provided an operational update on the Fostung Project, an intermediate-stage tungsten exploration
asset located in Foster Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, approximately 8 kilometers (km) southeast of Espanola and approximately
70 km west-southwest of Sudbury, by making available its Technical Report Summary (“TRS”) on its Fostung Tungsten
Property located in Ontario, Canada, with an effective date of January 31, 2026, which had been recently been prepared and completed in
accordance with the requirements of subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. The TRS was completed by SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc., who
is a “Qualified Person” as such term is defined in subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. The Fostung project comprises 50 contiguous
single-cell mining claims covering 1,109 hectares (ha) and hosts a skarn-type tungsten deposit (scheelite) with associated molybdenum,
copper, and silver mineralization.
The Fostung Project is directly owned by UAMY
Cobalt Corporation (“UAMY Cobalt”). UAMY Cobalt is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.
For a complete description of the Fostung Project,
see the TRS, which is filed as Exhibit 99 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Current Report on Form 8-K contains forward-looking
statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current knowledge, assumptions, judgment, and expectations regarding future
performance or events. Although management believes that the expectations reflected in such statements are reasonable, they give no assurance
that such expectations will prove to be correct, and you should be aware that actual events or results may differ materially from those
contained in the forward- looking statements. Words such as "will," "expect," "intend," "plan,"
"potential," "possible," "goals," "accelerate," "continue," and similar expressions
identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements are subject to a number
of risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, those described in the Company’s filings on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, and
Form 8-K with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
All forward-looking statements are expressly
qualified in their entirety by this cautionary notice. You should not rely upon any forward-looking statements as predictions of future
events. The Company undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements made in this Current Report on Form 8-K
to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof, to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, to update
the reasons why actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, in each case, except
as required by law.
Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(d) Exhibits.
Exhibit
No.
Description
23.1
Consent of SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc.
99
Technical Report Summary and Initial Assessment on the Fostung Tungsten Property
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded with the inline XBRL document)
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto
duly authorized.
UNITED STATES
ANTIMONY CORPORATION
Dated:
April 10, 2026
By:
/s/ Richard R. Isaak
Richard R. Isaak
SVP and Chief Financial Officer
EX-23.1 — EXHIBIT 23.1
EX-23.1
Filename: tm2610675d1_ex23-1.htm · Sequence: 2
Exhibit 23.1
April 10, 2026
CONSENT OF THIRD-PARTY QUALIFIED PERSON
SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc. (“SRK”),
in connection with the filing of the Current Report on Form 8-K of United States Antimony Corporation (the “Company”
or “USAC”) on April 10, 2026 (the “Form 8 -K”), consents to:
· the public filing of the technical report summary titled “SEC
Technical Report Summary Initial Assessment Fostung Tungsten Project Ontario, Canada”, with an effective date of January 31, 2026
(the “TRS”), that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities
and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)
and filed as an exhibit to the Form 8-K;
· the incorporation by reference of the TRS attached as an exhibit to the Form 8-K
in the Company’s Registration Statements on Form S-3 (File No. 333-290901, 333-290812, 333-284057 and 333-283523)
and on Form S-8 (File No. 333-279415) and any amendments thereto (collectively, the “Registration Statements”);
· the use of and references to our name, including our status as an expert or “qualified person”
(as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC), in connection with the Form 8-K, the Registration Statements and
the TRS; and
· the information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the TRS, or portions thereof, that was
prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by
reference in the Form 8-K and the Registration Statements.
SRK is responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, the
TRS.
/s/ SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc.
Signature of Authorized Person for
SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc.
EX-99 — EXHIBIT 99
EX-99
Filename: tm2610675d1_ex99.htm · Sequence: 3
Exhibit 99
SEC Technical Report Summary
Initial Assessment
Fostung Tungsten Project
Ontario, Canada
Effective Date: January 31, 2026
Report Date: March 24, 2026
Report Prepared for
United States Antimony Corporation
4438 W. Lovers Lane, Ste 100
Dallas, Texas 75209
United States of America
Report Prepared by
SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc.
155 University Avenue, Suite 1500
Toronto, ON M5H 3B7
SRK Project Number: CAPR004153
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page ii
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Property Description (Including Mineral Rights) and Ownership ....................................................................... 1
1.3 Geology and Mineralisation................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Status of Exploration, Development and Operations......................................................................................... 2
1.5 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates............................................................................................ 3
1.6 Permitting Requirements.................................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 5
2 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Registrant for Whom the Technical Report Summary was Prepared................................................................6
2.2 Terms of Reference and Purpose of the Report................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Sources of Information ....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Details of Inspection........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Report Version Update....................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Property Description ................................................................................................................ 9
3.1 Property Location ............................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Property Area ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Mineral Title, Claim, Mineral Right, Lease or Option Disclosure .....................................................................10
3.4 Mineral Rights Description and How They Were Obtained .............................................................................12
3.5 Royalties and Other Encumbrances ................................................................................................................12
3.6 Other Significant Factors and Risks.................................................................................................................12
4 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography..................... 13
4.1 Topography, Elevation and Vegetation............................................................................................................13
4.2 Means of Access..............................................................................................................................................14
4.3 Climate and Length of Operating Season........................................................................................................14
4.4 Infrastructure Availability and Sources.............................................................................................................14
4.4.1 Water ....................................................................................................................................................14
4.4.2 Electricity ..............................................................................................................................................14
4.4.3 Personnel & Supplies ...........................................................................................................................14
5 History ..................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Previous Operations.........................................................................................................................................15
5.2 Exploration and Development of Previous Owners or Operators ....................................................................15
5.2.1 Geological Mapping and Geochemical Surveys (1966-2019)..............................................................17
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page iii
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
5.2.2 Geophysical Surveys............................................................................................................................18
5.3 Historical Mineral Resource Estimates ............................................................................................................19
6 Geological Setting, Mineralisation, and Deposit.................................................................. 21
6.1 Regional Geology.............................................................................................................................................21
6.2 Local and Property Geology.............................................................................................................................23
6.2.1 Intrusive Rock Types ............................................................................................................................26
6.2.2 Alteration ..............................................................................................................................................27
6.2.3 Structural Geology................................................................................................................................29
6.3 Mineral Deposit ................................................................................................................................................29
7 Exploration.............................................................................................................................. 32
7.1 Exploration Work (Other Than Drilling)............................................................................................................32
7.2 Exploration Drilling ...........................................................................................................................................32
7.2.1 Pre-2007 Drilling (1966-1986)..............................................................................................................33
7.2.2 Post-2007 Drilling by Transition Metals (2021) ....................................................................................35
7.2.3 Drilling, Sampling, or Recovery Factors...............................................................................................37
7.2.4 Drilling Results and Interpretation ........................................................................................................37
7.3 Hydrogeology ...................................................................................................................................................37
7.4 Geotechnical Data, Testing and Analysis ........................................................................................................37
7.5 Exploration Targets ..........................................................................................................................................37
8 Sample Preparation, Analysis, and Security........................................................................ 38
8.1 Sample Preparation Methods and Quality Control Measures..........................................................................38
8.2 Sample Preparation, Assaying and Analytical Procedures..............................................................................38
8.2.1 Pre-2007 Analytical Methods (1966-1986)...........................................................................................38
8.2.2 Transition Metals Analytical Methods (2021) .......................................................................................39
8.2.3 Specific Gravity Data............................................................................................................................40
8.3 Quality Control Procedures/Quality Assurance................................................................................................40
8.3.1 Pre-2007 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs................................................................40
8.3.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs by Transition Metals (2021)...................................41
8.3.3 Sample Security ...................................................................................................................................42
8.4 Opinion on Adequacy.......................................................................................................................................43
9 Data Verification ..................................................................................................................... 44
9.1 Data Verification Procedures ...........................................................................................................................44
9.1.1 Site Visit................................................................................................................................................45
9.1.2 Verifications of Historical Database and Analytical Methods ...............................................................47
9.1.3 Verifications of Analytical Quality Control Data....................................................................................47
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page iv
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
9.2 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................................51
9.3 Opinion on Data Adequacy ..............................................................................................................................51
10 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing..................................................................... 53
10.1 Historical Testwork Results..............................................................................................................................53
10.2 Ore Sorting Testwork .......................................................................................................................................53
10.3 Assumed Metallurgical Performance ...............................................................................................................56
10.4 Adequacy of Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing ............................................................................56
11 Mineral Resource Estimates.................................................................................................. 57
11.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters, and Methods Used ........................................................................................57
11.2 Resource Database .........................................................................................................................................58
11.3 Solid Body Modelling........................................................................................................................................58
11.4 Assays, Compositing and Capping ..................................................................................................................59
11.5 Variography ......................................................................................................................................................60
11.6 Block Model and Grade Estimation..................................................................................................................61
11.7 Model Validation and Sensitivity ......................................................................................................................62
11.8 Mineral Resource Classification.......................................................................................................................65
11.9 Uncertainty .......................................................................................................................................................66
11.10Multiple Commodity Resource .........................................................................................................................67
11.11Mineral Resource Statement............................................................................................................................67
12 Mineral Reserve Estimates .................................................................................................... 70
13 Mining Methods ...................................................................................................................... 71
14 Processing and Recovery Methods ...................................................................................... 72
15 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 73
16 Market Studies ........................................................................................................................ 74
16.1 Tungsten Market Overview ..............................................................................................................................74
16.1.1 Tungsten End Use................................................................................................................................75
16.1.2 Recent Market Trends ..........................................................................................................................76
16.2 Tungsten Price Outlook....................................................................................................................................76
16.2.1 Key Considerations ..............................................................................................................................76
16.2.2 Recommended Price............................................................................................................................77
16.3 Contracts and Status........................................................................................................................................77
17 Environmental Studies, Permitting, and Plans, Negotiations, or Agreements with Local
Individuals or Groups............................................................................................................. 78
18 Capital and Operating Costs ................................................................................................. 79
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page v
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
19 Economic Analysis................................................................................................................. 80
20 Adjacent Properties................................................................................................................ 81
21 Other Relevant Data and Information ................................................................................... 82
22 Interpretation and Conclusions............................................................................................. 83
22.1 Opportunity.......................................................................................................................................................83
22.2 Project Risks ....................................................................................................................................................83
23 Recommendations.................................................................................................................. 85
23.1 Drilling ..............................................................................................................................................................85
23.2 Sampling and Analysis.....................................................................................................................................85
23.3 Metallurgical Testwork .....................................................................................................................................86
23.4 Recommended Work Program Costs ..............................................................................................................86
24 References .............................................................................................................................. 88
25 Reliance on Information Provided by the Registrant .......................................................... 90
List of Tables
Table 1-1: Assumptions Considered for Conceptual Open Pit Optimization .................................................................. 4
Table 1-2: Fostung Project Summary Mineral Resources, SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., January 31, 2026..............4
Table 2-1: Site Visits ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Table 3-1: Fostung Project Land Tenure Information ...................................................................................................11
Table 5-1: Summary of Historical Exploration Activities Completed on the Fostung Project........................................17
Table 5-2: Historical Mineral Resource Statement, SRK Consulting (US) Inc., November 30, 2007...........................20
Table 7-1: Summary of Historical Drilling (Pre-2007)....................................................................................................34
Table 7-2: Summary of the 2021 Drilling by Transition Metals .....................................................................................35
Table 8-1: Analytical Methods used by ALS Chemex in 2021 ......................................................................................39
Table 8-2: Summary of Historic Collar Resurvey Results Completed by Tulloch Engineering ....................................42
Table 9-1: Assay Results for Verification Samples Collected SRK on the Fostung Project .........................................47
Table 9-2: Summary of Analytical Quality Control Data Produced by Transition Metals on the Fostung Project ........48
Table 9-3: Summary of Certified Reference Material Analysed on the Fostung Project in 2021 .................................49
Table 10-1: Fostung Sorter Test Results (12×75 mm fraction).....................................................................................55
Table 11-1: Drillhole Database Used for Resource Estimation.....................................................................................58
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page vi
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
Table 11-2: Summary of Domain Volumetrics ..............................................................................................................59
Table 11-3: Summary of WO3 Assay Statistics.............................................................................................................60
Table 11-4: Summary of Capped Composite Statistics ................................................................................................60
Table 11-5: Summary of Tungsten, Molybdenum and Silver Variogram Models .........................................................60
Table 11-6: Block Model Definitions..............................................................................................................................61
Table 11-7: Summary of Estimation Parameters ..........................................................................................................62
Table 11-8: Comparison of Alternate Grade Estimators ...............................................................................................62
Table 11-9: Assumptions Considered for Conceptual Open Pit Optimization ..............................................................68
Table 11-10: Fostung Project Summary Mineral Resources, SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., January 31, 2026........68
Table 11-11: Global Block Model Quantities and Grade Estimates*, Fostung Project at Various Cut-off Grades.......69
Table 23-1: Summary of Costs for Recommended Work .............................................................................................87
List of Figures
Figure 3-1: Fostung Project Location Map ...................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-2: Fostung Project Mineral Tenure .................................................................................................................10
Figure 4-1: Typical Landscape in the Project Area .......................................................................................................13
Figure 5-1: Total Magnetic Intensity Showing 2025 Claim Outlines (White) and Tungsten Mineralisation (Black)......19
Figure 6-1: Regional Geology Map ...............................................................................................................................22
Figure 6-2: Map of the Property Geology......................................................................................................................24
Figure 6-3: Stratigraphic Section of the Espanola Formation in and Around Fostung Project .....................................28
Figure 7-1: Map Showing the Distribution of Drilling.....................................................................................................33
Figure 7-2: Core Logging Facility ..................................................................................................................................36
Figure 7-3: Scheelite Response to Ultra-Violet Lamping ..............................................................................................36
Figure 8-1: Scatter Plot of WO3 Assay Duplicates .......................................................................................................41
Figure 9-1: Site Visit Activities and Field Verification....................................................................................................46
Figure 9-2: Quantile-Quantile Plot of ICP vs. XRF Analysis of Tungsten at ALS .........................................................48
Figure 9-3: Quality Control Plot for Blank Material Assayed for WO3 at ALS in 2021 ..................................................49
Figure 9-4: Quality Control Plot for OREAS 701 Assayed for WO3 at ALS in 2021......................................................50
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page vii
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
Figure 9-5: Quality Control Plot for OREAS 701 Assayed for Mo at ALS in 2021 ........................................................50
Figure 9-6: Quality Control Plot for OREAS701 Assayed for W at ALS in 2021...........................................................51
Figure 10-1: Union Carbide Test Flowsheet (Feed Sample “8MxD”)............................................................................54
Figure 10-2: Sample Location for Sorting Testwork......................................................................................................54
Figure 10-3: Sorter Test Products (Step 1 to 5 from top to bottom)..............................................................................55
Figure 10-4: Scheelite Recovery for Low-Grade Samples............................................................................................56
Figure 11-1: Three-Dimensional View of Estimation Domain (100)..............................................................................59
Figure 11-2: Correlogram for WO3 in Domain 100........................................................................................................61
Figure 11-3: Cross Section Comparing Block Model WO3 Grades to Composites.......................................................63
Figure 11-4: Swath Plots Comparing OK and NN Estimated WO3 Grades ..................................................................64
Figure 11-5: Longitudinal View of Classified Blocks .....................................................................................................66
Figure 11-6: Grade Tonnage Curve for the Fostung Project ........................................................................................69
Figure 16-1: Tungsten Production and Reserves .........................................................................................................75
Figure 16-2: Tungsten Deman by End-Use ..................................................................................................................75
Figure 16-3: Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) Pricing .............................................................................................77
Figure 20-1: Adjacent Properties...................................................................................................................................81
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page viii
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
List of Abbreviations
The metric system has been used throughout this report. Tonnes are metric of 1,000 kg, or 2,204.6 lb. All currency is in
U.S. dollars (US$) unless otherwise stated.
Abbreviation Unit or Term
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Ag silver
APT Ammonium Paratungstate
Au gold
°C degrees Centigrade
cm centimetre
° degree (degrees)
dia. diameter
FA fire assay
g gram
Ga billion years
g/t grams per tonne
ha hectares
HLEM Horizontal Loop Electromagnetic
ICP induced couple plasma
ICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
ID2 inverse-distance squared
IP induced polarization
kg kilograms
km kilometre
km2 square kilometre
kV kilovolt
m metre
masl metres above sea level
mGal milligal
mm millimetre
mtu metric tonne unit
NI 43-101 Canadian National Instrument 43-101
OK Ordinary Kriging
OSC Ontario Securities Commission
oz/t ounces per tonne
% percent
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RoM Run-of-Mine
RQD Rock Quality Description
SEC U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission
SG specific gravity
st short ton (2,000 pounds)
t tonne (metric ton) (2,204.6 pounds)
W tungsten
WO tungsten trioxide
XRF x-ray fluorescence
XRT x-ray transmissive
wt% weight percent
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page 1
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
1 Executive Summary
This report was prepared as an Initial Assessment -level Technical Report Summary in accordance with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) S-K regulations (Title 17, Part 229, Items 601 and 1300 until
1305) for United States Antimony Corporation (USAC) by SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. (SRK) on the Fostung
Tungsten Project. UAMY Cobalt Corporation (UAMY or the Company), a wholly owned subsidiary of USAC,
commissioned SRK to prepare the Technical Report Summary.
1.1 Introduction
The Fostung Project is an intermediate‑stage tungsten exploration asset located in Foster Township, Sudbury
District, Ontario, approximately 8 kilometres (km) southeast of Espanola and approximately 70 km
west‑southwest of Sudbury. The project comprises 50 contiguous single‑cell mining claims covering
1,110 hectares (ha) and hosts a skarn‑type tungsten deposit (scheelite) with associated molybdenum, copper,
and silver mineralisation. The mining claims are held by UAMY Cobalt Corporation (UAMY), a wholly owned
subsidiary company of USAC and registered in Canada.
United States Antimony Corporation, completed the acquisition of the Fostung Project on June 27, 2025. from
Transition Metals Corporation (Transition Metals) and 1930153 Ontario Limited, a private company. Transition
Metals and 1930153 Ontario Limited participated in a joint venture agreement on the Project. SRK was
previously involved in the Fostung Project. In 2024, SRK was commissioned by 01930153 Ontario Limited to
update the Mineral Resource model for the Fostung Project, Though SRK concluded an internal update of the
block model estimation, the outcome of this work was not publicly disclosed. This current mineral model is
based on the block model estimation carried out by SRK in 2024.
1.2 Property Description (Including Mineral Rights) and Ownership
The total purchase price of the Project was US$5 million in cash, in addition to a half of one percent (0.5%) Net
Smelter Return royalty (NSR) interest, to be divided equally between the sellers, Transition Metals and 1930153
Ontario Limited. An additional NSR royalty interest of one percent held by a previous owner was purchased by
UAMY on January 31, 2026. The Fostung Project consists of 50 contiguous claim units, totalling approximately
1,110 ha. The Project is in Foster Township, District of Sudbury, in Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 8 km
southeast of the Town of Espanola and 70 km west-southwest of the city of Sudbury. UAMY currently holds an
Exploration Permit (permit number PR‑25‑000197), issued by the Ontario Ministry of Energy and Mines,
allowing surface drilling, pitting, and trenching on specified claims. In Ontario, mining claims are held by the
claim holder subject to annual assessment work, under a framework established by the Mining Act, which
governs staking, leasing, and associated rights and obligations for mineral exploration and development.
1.3 Geology and Mineralisation
The Huronian Supergroup consists of four lithologic groups with a cumulative thickness of 7 to 11 km, including
(from the stratigraphic bottom to top) the Elliot Lake, Hough Lake, Quirke Lake, and Cobalt Groups. The Hough
Lake, Quirke Lake, and Cobalt Groups of the Huronian Supergroup have been mapped within the Project area.
The Hough Lake Group is represented by the Mississagi Formation, the Quirke Lake Group is represented by
the Bruce, Espanola, Serpent Formations, while the Cobalt Group is represented by the Gowganda Formation.
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page 2
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
The Fostung tungsten mineralisation is a skarn deposit atypical for the calcareous Huronian metasedimentary
units unconformably overlying Precambrian basement shield rocks in the Southern structural province. The
Project is located within a northeast-trending belt comprising the Southern Province Early Precambrian volcanic
and felsic plutonic rocks that form a narrow 125 to over 150 km septa, separating rocks from the Superior
Archean greenstone-gneiss Province (~ 2.70-3.5 Ga) on the northwest from the Mesoproterozoic to
Neoproterozoic metasediments and felsic plutons of the Grenville Province on the southeast.
The Fostung Tungsten deposit is hosted within the Calcareous Siltstone member of the Espanola Formation
which has been partially altered to skarn assemblages. Fostung scheelite mineralisation extends from
southwest of Breccia Hill along strike of the Calcareous Siltstone Member of the Espanola Formation for
approximately 2 km to the northeast. Thinner and more discontinuous skarns with less volumetrically significant
scheelite occur in the stratigraphically higher and successor Sandstone and upper Serpent Members, and in
calcareous portions of the Greywacke Member.
Scheelite occurs as fine to coarse-grained disseminations within skarn, associated with later phase dark green
calc-silicate and with garnet ± pyroxene assemblages. It also has been observed as fine grains within thin
quartz ± calcite veinlets. Better grade scheelite is associated with disseminated pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite
and abundant dark red garnet; less commonly, it is associated with the dark green actinolite skarns containing
up to 50% pyrrhotite. Molybdenite occurs as fine rosettes and plates, as disseminations, along fractures, and
in quartz veinlets, but is low grade and erratically distributed. Other sulfide minerals occur as interstitial grains
and disseminations.
1.4 Status of Exploration, Development and Operations
Historical exploration activity completed on the Fostung Project includes early prospecting completed before
1966. Exploration activities by formal operators of the Project occurred by various companies between 1966
and 2024. These activities included prospecting, geological mapping, geophysical surveys, core drilling, and
trenching.
A total of 50 core holes (10,295 m) have been drilled on the Fostung Project between 1966 and 2021, including
six holes (1,110 m) performed by Transition Metals.
The most significant and continuous tungsten mineralisation discovered to date is within the core of the deposit.
The mineralised section is incompletely explored. Based on the available geological information and exploration
data, the Fostung deposit is open, particularly along the strike towards south-west. The 2011 VTEM
geophysical survey demonstrated that some of the TMI anomalies are aligned with tungsten mineralisation in
the property. That TMI anomaly continues further south-west and need to be tested by trenching and drilling.
The historical and 2021 drilling data indicate that the mineralised calcareous siltstone unit continues further
along the strike and down the dip. Exploration for the basal Limestone Member and a buried plutonic source
for mineralising fluids as potential targets would improve the overall geological understanding and have
potential for future exploration planning once the most obvious near-surface mineralisation has been thoroughly
evaluated.
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
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1.5 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates
The Mineral Resource Statement presented herein represents the second Mineral Resource evaluation
prepared for the Fostung Project that was completed. The first Mineral Resource estimate was reported in 2007
in accordance with the Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Instrument 43-101. The current resource
estimation work was completed by SRK. Leapfrog Geo™ and Leapfrog Edge™ (version 2024.1.1) were used
to construct the geological solids, perform geostatistical analysis and variography, construct the block model,
estimate metal grades, and tabulate Mineral Resources.
The mineralisation domain for the Fostung deposit was constructed by the qualified person (QP) in November
2024 considering available assay data. A threshold of 0.08% WO3 was selected based on an assessment of
assay data through spatial analysis, histograms and cumulative probability plots. Manual refinements, including
the inclusion of lower-grade intervals where appropriate, were performed to limit artefacts and increase the
continuity of the wireframe.
Transition Metals collected specific gravity (SG) measurements from 2021 core, which was largely restricted
to the center of the deposit. SRK estimated the SG with an isotropic search of 100 m and the un-estimated
blocks were assigned an average value 2.96 for tonnage conversion. The block model used block sizes of
10 m by 20 m by 5 m in the X, Y and Z directions, rotated 230 degrees about the Z axis.
Assays were composited to a length of 1.5 m, respecting domain boundaries. The composited data was
reviewed to identify any potential outliers and assess the need to cap the data. Variograms were modeled
separately for WO3, molybdenum and silver within each domain. WO3, molybdenum, copper and silver grades
were estimated using Ordinary Kriging (OK). Block estimates in waste for WO3, molybdenum, copper and silver
grades and specific gravity were estimated using Inverse Distance to the power of two. The general estimation
strategy involves up to three estimation passes with progressively relaxed search ellipsoids and data
requirements. SRK estimated the associated molybdenum, copper and silver but did not report in the mineral
resources due to limited economic contribution.
The block classification strategy considers drillhole spacing, presence of appropriate quality control practices,
and geological confidence. In general, the criteria used to classify blocks as Inferred included blocks estimated
with an average distance to three holes of 85 m. All other blocks were left unclassified. Manual smoothing was
applied to improve continuity and eliminate isolated blocks.
To determine the quantities of material offering “reasonable prospects for economic extraction” by an open pit,
SRK used a pit optimizer and reasonable mining assumptions to evaluate the proportions of the block model
(Inferred blocks) that could be “reasonably expected” to be mined from an open pit (Table 1-1). A market study
was provided by Fastmarkets and is relied upon for WO3 price assumptions supporting assumptions regarding
metal price.
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Table 1-1: Assumptions Considered for Conceptual Open Pit Optimization
Parameter Unit Value
WO3 price (APT) US$ per mtu 500
Payability percent 75
Exchange rate US$/C$ 1.35
Mining cost US$ per tonne mined 3
Sorting Cost US$ per tonne feed ore 5
Processing US$ per tonne sorted ore 20
General and administrative US$ per tonne of feed 5
Concentrate Transport Cost C$ per wet tonne of concentrate 135
Mining dilution percent 0
Mining loss percent 0
Overall pit slope degrees 50
WO3 process recovery percent 59
WO3 concentrate grade Percent WO3 65
Sorting Yield percent 33
In situ cut-off grade percent 0.08
SRK considers that the blocks located within the conceptual pit envelope show “reasonable prospects for
economic extraction” and can be reported as a Mineral Resource.
Mineral Resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no
certainty that all or any part of the Mineral Resources will be converted into mineral reserves. SRK is unaware
of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, and political or other relevant
issues that may materially affect the mineral resources. The Mineral Resource Statement for the Fostung
Tungsten Project is presented in Table 1-2.
Table 1-2: Fostung Project Summary Mineral Resources, SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., January 31,
2026
Category Quantity
000’ Tonne
Grade WO3
%
Metal WO3
000’ lb
Measured - - -
Indicated - - -
Measured + Indicated - - -
Inferred 14,770 0.17 54,170
Mineral Resources are reported within a conceptual pit shell. Mineral Resources are not mineral reserves and
have not demonstrated economic viability. All figures are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimate.
All composites have been capped where appropriate. Open pit Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade
of 0.08% WO3. Cut-off grades are based on a price of US$500 per metric tonne unit of WO3 with 75% payability
and WO3 recoveries of 59% with 33% of sorting yield, without considering revenues from other metals.
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
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1.6 Permitting Requirements
Ontario’s Mining Act provides the framework for acquiring land for mineral exploration and development. The
Ministry of Mines administers the Mining Act, which sets out rules for all aspects of mineral exploration and
development. A person must hold a prospector's license issued under the Ontario Mining Act to prospect, stake
out, record, or apply to record a mining claim on Crown lands in Ontario. A prospector or exploration company
must apply for a mining lease to conduct exploration, development, or mining on claims in good standing, or
risk losing the property to others. UAMY has been issued an Exploration Permit, by Ontario Ministry of Energy
and Mines, vide a permit number PR-25-000197. The permit allows UAMY surface drilling, pitting and trenching.
1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
A 2011 VTEM geophysical survey showed that certain TMI anomalies align with tungsten mineralisation and
extend to the southwest, representing a key exploration opportunity for further trenching and drilling. The
Project has a number of risks and uncertainties. Historical data collected before 2021 have limited quality
control, some drill collar locations cannot be independently verified with modern surveying, and downhole
survey data are sparse, all of which introduce uncertainty in sample locations. Metallurgical recovery
assumptions also have limited support. Earlier work in 1981 did not achieve a saleable WO₃ concentrate, yet
the current model assumes a constant 59% overall WO₃ recovery after sorting based largely on external
references. Tungsten pricing is volatile and the economic analysis uses an APT price proxy for a 65% WO₃
concentrate product that has not yet been demonstrated from this deposit.
To advance Fostung to a preliminary economic assessment (PEA) level, SRK recommends a substantial
technical work program. This includes trenching and sampling, about 8,000 m of drilling for infill, step‑out, and
regional exploration, including twinning at least 25% of historical holes (about 2,500 m) and an additional
3,000 m to test geophysical anomalies along strike, along with collection of basic geotechnical data. Sampling
and analytical protocols should be strengthened by adding duplicate and umpire samples, improving the
sequencing and frequency of quality control materials (to at least 5%), and upgrading core security and storage.
Metallurgical work should be expanded to include sensor sorting, comminution, flotation, gravity recovery, and
impurity analyses to better support recovery assumptions and to demonstrate a saleable WO₃ product. The
total cost of the recommended program is estimated at US$4,000,000, covering legal and ownership matters,
drilling, resource model updates, geotechnical and hydrogeological studies, metallurgical and environmental
work, miscellaneous costs, and preparation of a PEA. The Qualified Persons consider that, aside from the
identified technical risks, there are no other significant factors that would affect access, title, or the ability to
conduct this work, and that the project merits continued exploration and study
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page 6
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
2 Introduction
The Fostung Project (the Project) is an intermediate-stage exploration project. The Project hosts a skarn type,
tungsten mineralisation and has been subject to several decades of exploration by several owners and
operators. A total of 50 core holes (10,295 m) have been drilled on the Fostung Project between 1966 and
2021, including six holes (1,110 m) drilled in 2021. In 2007, SRK Consulting (U.S.) Inc. (SRK USA) completed
a Mineral Resource Estimate and prepared a National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) Technical Report for
Golden Predator Mines (Golden Predator). The 2007 model reported 12.4 million tonnes, at an average grade
of 0.213% WO3, of Inferred Mineral Resources.
In October 2025, UAMY Cobalt Corporation (UAMY or the Company), a wholly owned subsidiary of United
States Antimony Corporation (USAC), commissioned SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. (SRK) to update the
Mineral Resource model and to prepare a technical report summary in accordance with Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) S-K regulations for the Fostung Project. USAC acquired the Project in June 2025
from Transition Metals Corporation (Transition Metals) and 1930153 Ontario Limited, a private company.
Transition Metals and 1930153 Ontario Limited participated in a joint venture agreement on the Project.
2.1 Registrant for Whom the Technical Report Summary was Prepared
This Technical Report Summary was prepared in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) S-K regulations (Title 17, Part 229, Items 601 and 1300 through 1305) for United States Antimony
Corporation by SRK on the Fostung Tungsten Project.
2.2 Terms of Reference and Purpose of the Report
The quality of information, conclusions, and estimates contained herein are consistent with the level of effort
involved in SRK’s services, based on: i) information available at the time of preparation and ii) the assumptions,
conditions, and qualifications set forth in this report. This report is intended for use by UAMY and its parent
company USAC subject to the terms and conditions of its contract with SRK and relevant securities legislation.
The contract permits USAC to file this report as a Technical Report Summary with American securities
regulatory authorities pursuant to the SEC S-K regulations, more specifically Title 17, Subpart 229.600, item
601(b)(96) - Technical Report Summary and Title 17, Subpart 229.1300 - Disclosure by Registrants Engaged
in Mining Operations. Except for the purposes legislated under provincial securities law, any other use of this
report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk. The responsibility for this disclosure remains with UAMY
and its parent company USAC.
The purpose of this Technical Report Summary is to report Mineral Resources and exploration results.
The effective date of this report is January 31, 2026.
The Initial Assessment is preliminary in nature, that it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered
too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to
be categorized as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty that the Initial Assessment will be realized.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.
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2.3 Sources of Information
SRK was previously involved in the Fostung Project. In 2024, SRK was commissioned by 01930153 Ontario
Limited to update the Mineral Resource model for the Fostung Project, including the data from 2021 drilling.
01930153 Ontario Limited was intending to publish an NI 43-101 technical report based on this updated Mineral
Resource model and economic assumptions. Though SRK concluded an internal update of the block model
estimation, no Mineral Resources was publicly disclosed. This current mineral model is based on the block
model estimation carried out by SRK in 2024. This report is based partly on information collected by SRK during
a site visit conducted between July 31 and August 1, 2024; additional information provided by Transition Metals,
01930153 Ontario Limited, and UAMY throughout the course of SRK’s investigations between 2024 and 2026;
and public information as cited throughout this report and listed in Section 24, References. After acquisition,
UAMY has not undertaken any exploration activity in the Fostung Project, other than limited surface sampling
and collection of samples for metallurgical testing. At the time of this report, results of this sampling program
were not available to SRK. The Qualified Persons (QPs) have no reason to doubt the reliability of the
information provided by the previous and current owners. This technical report is based on the following sources
of information:
• A substantial amount of data and information has been sourced from the Technical Report prepared by
SRK Consulting (US) Inc. in 2007 for Golden Predator Mines Inc.
• Digital scanned copies of historical exploration data and reports for the period between 1966 and 1986
• Discussions with Transition Metals, 01930153 Ontario Limited, and UAMY
• Inspection of the Fostung Project area including outcrop and drill core
• Review of exploration data collected by Transition Metals and 01930153 Ontario Limited
• Additional information from public domain sources
Reliance upon information provided by the registrant is listed in Section 25 when applicable.
2.4 Details of Inspection
SRK visited the Fostung Project between July 31 and August 1, 2024, accompanied by personnel from
Transition Metals and 01930153 Ontario Limited.
The purpose of the site visit was to review the digitalization of the exploration database and validation
procedures, review exploration procedures, define geological modelling procedures, examine drill core,
interview project personnel, and collect all relevant information for the preparation of a revised Mineral
Resource model and the compilation of a technical report. During the visit, particular attention was given to the
treatment and validation of historical drilling data. The site visit also aimed at investigating the geological and
structural controls on the distribution of the tungsten mineralisation in order to aid the construction of three-dimensional tungsten mineralisation domains.
Table 2-1 summarises the details of the personal inspections on the property by each qualified person or, if
applicable, the reason why a personal inspection has not been completed.
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Table 2-1: Site Visits
Expertise Date(s) of Visit Details of Inspection
Reason why a personal
inspection has not been
completed
Geology and
Mineral
Resources
July 31 to
August 1, 2024
- Review the digitalization of the
exploration database and validation
procedures
- Review exploration procedures
- Define geological modelling
procedures
- Examine drill core
- Interview project personnel
N/A
2.5 Report Version Update
The user of this document should ensure that this is the most recent Technical Report Summary for the
property. This report updates the previously filed technical report under the Canadian Securities Administration
entitled, “Technical Report on Resources: Golden Predator Mines, Inc. Fostung Project, Foster Township,
Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Golden Predator Mines, Inc.” in 2007.
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3 Property Description
3.1 Property Location
The Project is located in the Foster Township, District of Sudbury, in Ontario, Canada (Figure 3-1). It is
approximately 8 km southeast of the Town of Espanola and 70 km west-southwest of the city of Sudbury. The
geographic center of the property has UTM coordinates of 5,093,829 N and 499,496 E (UTM Zone 17), or
decimal degree coordinates of 46.14° N and 81.39° W.
Figure 3-1: Fostung Project Location Map
3.2 Property Area
The Fostung Project consists of 50 contiguous claim units, totaling approximately 1,110 ha.
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3.3 Mineral Title, Claim, Mineral Right, Lease or Option Disclosure
The Fostung Project is comprised of contiguous claim blocks, including 50 claims held by UAMY. Applications
to the Province of Ontario for conversion to mining leases were submitted in 1988. The province issued 21-
year mining leases to Breakwater Resources in 1989 and 1990, with mixed expiration dates of October 31,
2010, and March 31, 2011. Upon the expiry of the mining leases in 2010 and 2011, the claims were renewed
as single cell mining claims.
The claims of the Fostung Project are shown in Figure 3-2 and summarised in Table 3-1. UAMY has been
issued an Exploration Permit, by Ontario Ministry of Energy and Mines, vide a permit number PR-25-000197.
The permit allows UAMY surface drilling, pitting and trenching on claim number 550251, 550263, 550847,
550,848, 550850, 550851, 550852, 550853, 550854, and 550855.
Figure 3-2: Fostung Project Mineral Tenure
Source: Ontario Mining Lands Administration System (MLAS)
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Table 3-1: Fostung Project Land Tenure Information
Tenement
Name Tenement Type Holder Grant
Date
Expiry
Date
Surface Area
(ha)
550241 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550242 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550243 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550244 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550245 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550246 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550247 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550248 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550249 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550250 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550251 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550252 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550253 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550254 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550255 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550256 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550849 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550851 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550852 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550853 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550263* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550847* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550848* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550850* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550854* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
550855* Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551227 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551228 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551229 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551230 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551231 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551232 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551233 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551234 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551235 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551253 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551254 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551255 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551256 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551257 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551258 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551259 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551260 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551261 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551262 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551271 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551272 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551273 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551274 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
551275 Single Cell Mining Claim (100) UAMY COBALT CORP. 5/21/2019 5/21/2026 22.2
Total 1,110
Source: Ontario Mining Lands Administration System (MLAS)
Notes: * Tenements containing Mineral Resources
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3.4 Mineral Rights Description and How They Were Obtained
United States Antimony Corporation, the parent company of UAMY, completed the acquisition of the Fostung
Project on June 27, 2025. The total purchase price of the Project was US$5 million in cash, in addition to a half
of one percent (0.5%) Net Smelter Return royalty (NSR) interest, to be divided equally between the sellers,
Transition Metals and 1930153 Ontario Limited. An additional NSR royalty interest of one percent held by a
previous owner was purchased by UAMY on January 31, 2026.
In Ontario, the ownership of surface rights and mining rights varies from one parcel of land to the next. Currently,
a title to mining claims in Ontario is held by the claim holder. Assessment work must be performed annually to
maintain the claim in good standing, with the first year's assessment requirements waived. Assessment work
is reported to the Mining Lands section of the Ontario Ministry of Mines. Failure to perform annual assessment
results in forfeiture of the claims, returning the land to the Crown and opening it up to other prospecting parties.
Ontario’s Mining Act provides the framework for acquiring land for mineral exploration and development. The
Ministry of Mines administers the Mining Act, which sets out rules for all aspects of mineral exploration and
development. The Act authorizes the staking of mining claims where the Crown owns the minerals and allows
for assessment work on these claims, even if surface rights are privately owned.
A person must hold a prospector's license issued under the Ontario Mining Act to prospect, stake out, record,
or apply to record a mining claim on Crown lands in Ontario. A prospector or exploration company must apply
for a mining lease to conduct exploration, development, or mining on claims in good standing, or risk losing the
property to others. The right to obtain a lease is a statutory right upon fulfilling the obligations set out in Ontario’s
Mining Act. Twenty-one-year leases are issued by the Ministry of Mines and may be renewed for additional 21-
year periods. Leases can be issued for surface and mining rights, mining rights only, or surface rights only.
Once issued, the leasee pays an annual rent and must comply with all applicable federal and provincial
legislation.
3.5 Royalties and Other Encumbrances
Apart from the royalty interests mentioned in section 3.4, SRK has not been made aware of any additional
royalties or encumbrances for the project at this time. SRK was informed that UAMY has initiated discussions
with the First Nations, having traditional ties to the project area, identified by the Government of Ontario. The
First Nation representatives visited the Fostung Project and met with UAMY.
3.6 Other Significant Factors and Risks
SRK is not aware of any other significant factors or risks related to the Fostung Project at this time.
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4 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure
and Physiography
4.1 Topography, Elevation and Vegetation
The Fostung deposit is situated on relatively rugged to slightly rolling terrain (Figure 4-1), with local hills oriented
east-northeast, approximately aligned with the bedrock grain and glaciation-induced drainage features. Both
the Nipissing diabase and the Espanola calc-silicates form northeasterly elongated, resistant ridges in the
central portion of the property. Elevation is around 1,500 m above mean sea level, with local relief ranging from
20 to 50 m.
Figure 4-1: Typical Landscape in the Project Area
Notes: A: Fostung Project area. B: Skarn outcrop. C: Aerial view of a drilling site in 2021. D: 2021 drilling site. E: Panoramic view of the
Fostung Project area.
The heavily wooded topography is dotted with numerous small lakes. The property lies approximately 40 km
north of the North Channel of Lake Huron, bounded by St. Leonard Lake to the south and Elizabeth Lake to
the north. Drainage into Elizabeth Lake flows from the southwest. The southernmost of the three drainages into
the lake crosses the Fostung property near the intersection of the gravel access road from Espanola and the
road to Lake Panache. The far southwest portion of the property is largely composed of swampy marshlands.
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4.2 Means of Access
The region is well served by Canada’s national transportation network. The township of Espanola is located
8 km to the northeast of Fostung via a well-maintained all-weather gravel road. Espanola is 2 km south of
Canadian Highway 17 (Voyageur Route) of the Trans-Canadian Highway system.
A branch of the Canadian Pacific rail line approximately parallels Highway 17 from Sudbury. The rail line is
located approximately 6 km from the property. The airport at Sudbury serves as the main regional air transport
hub with several daily flights into Toronto.
4.3 Climate and Length of Operating Season
The climate is typical of southern Canada, largely cold and snowy in winter and hot and humid in summers.
The property falls within the Algonquin-Lake Nipissing climatic region (http://www.ec.gc.ca). Annual average
daily temperatures are 4°C, with a maximum average of 9°C and a minimum average of 1.4°C. Monthly
temperature averages range from -14°C in January to 20°C in July. Total precipitation averages approximately
899 mm, occurring mostly as rain in the spring and summer months, and as snow in the winter seasons
(Sudbury station data). Precipitation is largely by frontal systems influenced by moisture derived from the Great
Lakes and by upper-level Polar air masses. The effective field season lasts from May to October.
The Fostung Project is situated within the Boreal Shield Forest, developed on glacial till with thin soil cover.
The boreal forests are of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence vegetation zone and are typically mixed forests of
deciduous and coniferous trees.
4.4 Infrastructure Availability and Sources
4.4.1 Water
The Fostung property is not served by any municipal or industrial water supply. Exploration activities historically
have utilized surface water for drilling activities. All prior mining operation scenarios conducted by past
operators had assumed usage of surface waters from the two major lakes nearby.
4.4.2 Electricity
Two 200+ kV power lines pass through Espanola. Espanola Regional Hydro maintains a small 5-50kW
hydroelectric generating facility at Espanola. The power lines run approximately 8 km west and 3 km east the
project site. The proposed 500kV Northeast Power Line, connecting Sudbury and Mississagi, if completed will
run north of the town of Espanola (https://www.hydroone.com/).
4.4.3 Personnel & Supplies
The township of Espanola had a population of 5,185 according to the 2021 census by Statistics Canada.
Sudbury has a population of 166,000 according to the 2021 census by Statistics Canada and is a well-established mining-focused district. The region provides opportunities for human resources, commercial
services, and equipment to support exploration activities.
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5 History
The information presented in this section is primarily sourced from the 2007 Technical Report.
5.1 Previous Operations
Between 1966 and 2021, a number of owners or operators performed exploration activities in the Fostung
Project. Among these operators, major exploration activities were undertaken by Texas Gulf Sulphur,
St. Joseph Exploration, and Union Carbide. The results of these various exploration programs were
documented on paper in the form of maps, sections, drill core logging and so on. The following sections
summarise the historical exploration work carried out in the project area.
5.2 Exploration and Development of Previous Owners or Operators
Early prospector activity on the Fostung property is evidenced by minor excavations along the northeast end
of the claim group that explored unrelated pyritic mineralisation along the intrusive contacts of the Nipissing
diabase with the Espanola Formation metasediments. There are no records to date the activity.
The Fostung Tungsten property was staked in 1966 by two local prospectors, Vernon Piispanen and Taisto
Tamminen, who discovered a 1-foot-wide quartz vein carrying chalcopyrite and molybdenite mineralisation.
They staked five original claims and shortly thereafter, five additional claims. Over the years, the pair optioned
the property to a number of exploration and mining companies, who staked additional claims along the strike
of the skarn-altered metasediments.
The 10 initial claims were submitted to Texas Gulf Sulphur Company (Texas Gulf) in Toronto for review. Texas
Gulf geologist, Dr. Robert Ginn, recognized the unusually widespread extent of skarn in the area, and later
documented scheelite in the discovery vein using an ultraviolet (UV) lamp. Texas Gulf optioned the property
from 1966 to 1967. They conducted geological mapping and ran a ground magnetometer survey over parts of
the claim group. This work defined drill targets subsequently tested by six AQ sized diamond drillholes totaling
825 metres (m). The program was unsuccessful in locating the desired high-grade tungsten-molybdenum
mineralisation sought by Texas Gulf and the property was returned to Piispanen and Tamminen.
Cerro Corporation (Cerro) optioned the property from the partners in 1970. Cerro carried out a limited program
of trenching and surface sampling combined with re-logging and re-analysis of Texas Gulf drill core. Cerro
dropped the property shortly thereafter.
VanGulf Exploration (VanGulf) optioned the property from the partners in 1971. VanGulf completed further
mapping on the property and conducted geophysical surveys, including RADEM very low frequency (VLF),
Induced Polarization (IP), and magnetometer. Additionally, they drilled two AQ sized core holes totaling 734 m.
In 1972, a number of Vangulf properties including Fostung were acquired by St. Joseph Explorations Ltd.
(St. Joseph). St. Joseph drilled six AQ sized core holes totaling 1,411 m and performed preliminary
metallurgical testing of sulfide flotation on the core coarse rejects. They dropped the property in 1973 after
failing to define the desired high-grade mineralisation.
The historical records indicate that Johns Manville Corp. had examined the property and taken an option on
the claims in 1975, however there are no details of their activities.
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In 1978, Union Carbide Corporation (Union Carbide or Umetco) optioned the original five-claim property from
Taisto Tamminen and his new partner, Willian Alanen. Union Carbide completed a program of geologic
mapping and UV night lamping, after which they were short of adequate funding to continue and thus brought
St. Joseph Explorations back as a 50/50 Joint Venture (JV) partner. As part of the agreement, Sulpetro Minerals
Ltd. (Sulpetro), the successor company to St. Joseph, assumed overall management of the Fostung Project.
Over the next eight years, the Fostung JV proceeded to conduct a wide variety of exploration techniques. These
included geological mapping, geochemical sampling, surface trenching, ground magnetometer, gravity,
horizontal loop electromagnetic (EM), IP, VLF, and regional interpretation of airborne magnetic survey data
supplied by the Province of Ontario. This work defined targets tested by 29 BQ sized diamond core holes
totaling 5,234 m, including the deepening of two of their own holes. The drill targets were guided by identified
geophysical and geochemical anomalies and step-out exploration along strike and at cross faults.
Union Carbide performed a preliminary bulk metallurgical test on composited core rejects from the drilling at its
Grand Junction, CO. research facility. They developed a preliminary mill design and initiated a preliminary
resource estimate and economic cost analysis for both open pit and underground mining scenarios.
Additional claims were staked by Sulpetro near the Augusta Lake targeting step-out exploration along strike to
the northeast, where a distinctive quartz stockwork breccia body had been mapped. Detailed mapping,
sampling, and night UV lamping demonstrated that significant scheelite mineralisation did not appear to extend
through the area, despite the presence of some promising skarn development. After disappointing drilling
results in 1984, the claims were dropped.
By 1986, Novamin Resources Inc. had replaced Sulpetro as the JV partner. In this agreement, Umetco, Union
Carbide successor company was diluted to 38.01%, while Novamin retained the remaining 61.99% interest. In
an attempt to explore for high-grade scheelite mineralisation in the basal Limestone Member of the Espanola
Formation, the joint venture drilled one new hole and deepened two existing holes, all totaling 982 m. The
drilling failed to encounter the unit of interest at the predicted depths, and the program was terminated.
Subsequently, Umetco was effectively diluted out of the program.
At the end of 1986, the property became inactive due to a drop in metal commodity prices. By the end of the
project, the number of holes drilled on the property totalled 44 diamond core holes for a cumulative footage of
9,185 m, which includes the deepening of five previously drilled holes.
From 1985 through 1989, the Geological Survey of Canada provided mineral identification services for the
Fostung mineralisation. They also re-examined prior potassium/argon age dates of the district intrusive, and
dated the Fostung granite porphyry dikes by rubidium/strontium methods. The Ontario Geological Survey’s
Resident Geologist has maintained activity records on the deposit over the last two decades.
In 1988, the assets of Novamin, including 55 Fostung claims, were acquired by Breakwater Resources Ltd.
(Breakwater). Breakwater applied for and received Mining Leases for 30 of the original claim group, having
judged that the East Block claims had been adequately explored and could be dropped.
Golden Predator Mines Inc. (Golden Predator) entered a formal option agreement on July 27, 2007, with
Breakwater. In 2007, Golden Predator prepared a NI 43-101 technical report to support Mineral Resources
(SRK, 2007).
Historical Exploration work completed on the Project is summarised in Table 5-1.
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Table 5-1: Summary of Historical Exploration Activities Completed on the Fostung Project
Year Company Activity Drillhole Count Length
(m)
1966-1967 Texas Gulf Sulphur Geologic mapping & ground
magnetic survey 6 825
1970 Cerro Corp. Surface sampling, trenching &
relogging core drilled by Texas
Gulf Sulphur
1971-1972 Vangulf Geologic mapping, sampling &
miscellaneous geophysical
surveys
2 734
1972-1973 St Joseph Explorations Mapping & re-logging 6 1,410
1978-1984 Union Carbide - St. Joseph
Explorations JV (Umetco-Sulpetro)
Geologic mapping, surface
sampling, numerous
geophysical surveys, trenching,
preliminary metallurgical
testwork, and preliminary
economic feasibility
29 5,234
1984-1986 Umetco-Novamin Resources Regional stratigraphic mapping
& legal survey of core claims for
mining lease
1
(+ deepened prior DHs)
982
1986-1990 Novamin and Breakwater
Resources
Acquired 21-year mining leases
on 30 core claims
1985-1989 Geological Survey Canada Age dating, mineral ID
1989-2006 Ontario Geological Survey Property status monitoring
2007-2019 Golden Predator NI 43-101 technical report
2019-2025 Transition Metals Surface sampling, drilling 6 1,110
Total 49 10,295
5.2.1 Geological Mapping and Geochemical Surveys (1966-2019)
All Project operators have completed surface outcrop mapping. The Union Carbide-Sulpetro JV integrated
drilling results to help to interpret concealed contacts and faults.
Geochemical soil surveys of “A” horizon soil layers were collected over the mine grid lines to test the
applicability as a pathfinder. Off the property, sediments were collected in lakes along the strike to the northeast
as a test of the efficacy of the method for delineating areas of mineralisation. The geochemical soil samples
were given unique sample numbers; however, there was insufficient documentation to correlate the reported
assay results with the geospatial station numbers, rendering these results unusable. Although the geochemical
surveys lack certified assays, they do provide an indication of the surficial regolith metallization of the area.
Previous operators have noted that the soil geochemistry surveys have some merit in areas of thin soil cover.
Tungsten has proven to have been the most useful and consistent indicator of mineralisation in the skarns,
although anomalous copper, zinc, and molybdenum were locally helpful. The combination of soil geochemistry
and detailed ground magnetic surveys have been reported as the most useful historical exploration tools at the
Fostung Project.
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5.2.2 Geophysical Surveys
Historical Geophysical Surveys (Pre-2007)
The documentation on most of the geophysical surveys is adequate to establish the veracity of the survey.
However, some reports are missing the surface maps of line locations and areas of anomalous response, or of
calibration and noise corrections.
Ground magnetometer surveys were conducted, most commonly across the mineralised portion of the
Espanola Formation. Sulpetro conducted surveys at 5-metre spacing. Two RADEM VLF surveys were made
on similar spacing. One gravity profile line was run over Breccia Hill, in the expectation the profile may delineate
a buried plutonic fluid source.
Both Induced Polarization (IP) and Horizontal Loop Electromagnetic (HLEM) geophysical surveys were
conducted over the skarn zone.
The magnetometer surveys outline numerous small areas with high pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite mineralisation
both over skarn intervals and as localized along the edges of both Nipissing and later olivine diabase dikes
within Quirke Lake sediments. The detailed magnetometer surveys have proven most useful in establishing
continuity of scheelite-bearing garnet skarn beds because of the close association of pyrrhotite and scheelite
in the mineralisation sequence. The diabase anomalies reflect pyrrhotite and minor magnetite unrelated to
scheelite mineralisation.
The RADEM VLF surveys showed moderate responses across the Espanola skarns that are interpreted to be
indicative of pyrrhotite mineralisation and at several diabase locales.
The single gravity profile across Breccia Hill has been interpreted by Sulpetro geophysicists, who are
referenced in a quarterly report. They see a very slight 0.3 mGal negative anomaly over the hill that they
interpreted to represent the signature of a buried pluton. However, the Nipissing diabase has a 1.3 milligal
expression that partially obscures the adjacent anomaly and the interpretation.
The historical geophysical surveys over the Fostung property were unavailable for review. None of the
individual surveys have demonstrated a preferential methodology for discovering further extensions of tungsten
mineralisation (Ginn and Beecham 1986). The most successful exploration tool has been mapping, conceptual
modeling, and follow-up diamond drilling.
VTEM and Magnetic Geophysical Surveys (2011)
In 2011, Golden Predator contracted Geotech Ltd. to conduct helicopter-borne versatile time domain
electromagnetic (VTEM) and horizontal magnetic gradiometer geophysical surveys over the Fostung Property
(Figure 5-1). The survey covered an area of 22 km2 and included 473.2 line-km of survey lines. The lines were
spaced at 50 m, with tie lines spaced at 500 m.
The primary objective was to identify conductive and magnetic anomalies that could indicate the presence of
mineral deposits. The survey results were processed and presented as several maps, including Total Magnetic
Intensity (TMI), Total horizontal gradient of TMI, and electromagnetic stacked profiles.
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The geophysical results revealed multiple time domain electromagnetic anomalies across the property, which
correspond to moderate conductive targets. These anomalies are particularly prominent in the central area,
where they align with magnetic features. The central block contains several moderate conductive zones
associated with contact-type magnetic features.
Figure 5-1: Total Magnetic Intensity Showing 2025 Claim Outlines (White) and Tungsten Mineralisation
(Black)
Source: Geotech Ltd., 2011, modified by SRK to include present claim and mineral resource outlines.
5.3 Historical Mineral Resource Estimates
Three historical Mineral Resource estimates have been documented for the Fostung Project. The Mineral
Resource estimates completed in 1981 and 1982 were prepared before the implementation of any Committee
for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) type codes. SRK could not verify these
two historical resource estimates. The latest historical estimate of 2007 should not be relied upon as it is being
superseded by the resource estimate presented in Section 13 of this report.
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Union Carbide and its joint venture partner, Sulpetro Minerals Ltd. conducted preliminary mining investigation
and economic feasibility studies on the Fostung deposit in 1981. Using planimetered polygons of angled
drillhole intercepts at various stratigraphic levels and projected to the 1,500 m surface datum, Sulpetro’s on
site personnel estimated an undiluted drill-inferred resource of 13.6Mt at 0.232% WO3, 0.017% Mo, and 0.048%
Cu based on a 0.15% WO3 cut-off grade. This included material within the skarn zone to a depth of 150 m,
over an area 800 m by 210 m. A later iteration of this same technique was made by Sulpetro in 1982, who
calculated a resource of 10.3Mt at equivalent grades using an equivalent cut-off.
In 1981, Union Carbide commissioned Robert Taylor, a consulting engineer from Colorado, USA., to make an
estimate of open-pit tungsten resources. Taylor calculated a resource estimate of 16.3Mt @ 0.182% WO3
based on a cut-off grade 0.15% WO3 near the pit walls and 0.10% WO3 for internal blocks. This material was
included within a 160 m deep pit design, with an ore-to-waste ratio of 1:0.73.
In 1984, at the conclusion of all exploration drilling, Sulpetro repeated the resource estimate exercise, using
the same basic methodology as before and allowing dilution from diabase dikes. Sulpetro arrived at a rough
estimate of 17.7Mt at 0.193% WO3, 0.013% Mo, and 0.051% Cu.
None of the envisioned scenarios were economic at the time. Union Carbide had calculated that a resource
base of 24Mt @ 0.23% WO3 and a tungsten trading price of $175/s.t.u would be required to provide their
minimum return on investment of 11%. At the time of their economic analysis, tungsten was trading for $75/s.t.u.
Scratch (1982) recalculated the return on investment using Union Carbide’s figures and current mining costs
and arrived at a return on investment of 5% to 7% for his ideal scenario. Union Carbide dropped its share in
the project in 1987.
The last publicly disclosed Mineral Resource Statement (Table 5-2) was completed by SRK Consulting USA.
with an effective date of November 30, 2007 for Golden Predator. The results of the resource estimation
provided an Inferred Mineral Resource of 12.4Mt of mineral material grading at 0.213% WO3 using a 0.125%
cut-off.
Table 5-2: Historical Mineral Resource Statement, SRK Consulting (US) Inc., November 30, 2007
Resource Category WO3 Cut-off
(%)
Quantity
(Mt)
WO3 Grade
(%)
Contained WO3
(Mlbs)
Inferred 0.125 12.4 0.213 58
Source: SRK USA, 2007
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6 Geological Setting, Mineralisation, and Deposit
The information presented in this section is primarily based on the 2007 Technical Report.
6.1 Regional Geology
The Fostung tungsten mineralisation is a skarn deposit which is atypical for the calcareous Huronian
metasedimentary units unconformably overlying Precambrian basement shield rocks in the Southern structural
province. The Espanola and Sudbury area is a region dominated by early Proterozoic mafic magmatism and
Sudbury series bolide (astrobleme) impact initiative tectonism and magmatism on Archean arc terrain
basement metavolcanics and metasediments. The Fostung skarn system is a widespread unit elongated over
1.5 km in strike length.
The Fostung property is within a northeast trending belt comprising the Southern Province Early Precambrian
volcanic and felsic plutonic rocks that form a narrow 125-km to over 150-km septa, separating rocks from the
Superior Archean greenstone-gneiss Province (~ 2.70-3.5 Ga) on the northwest from the Mesoproterozoic to
Neoproterozoic metasediments and felsic plutons of the Grenville Province on the southeast (Figure 6-1). The
contact with the Superior Block on the northwest is defined as the Allochthonous Boundary Terrain (ABT) and
to the southeast as the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone (Dickin, 2004). The Southern Province thrust contact with
the Superior Province represents a suture zone attributed to island arc collisional accretion processes related
to the Kenoran Orogeny. The Grenville Province Tectonic Front is also interpreted as a Helikian suture zone
along the Laurentian continental block, linking five accreted juvenile magmatic arcs over a long-lived collisional
arc event spanning 1.64-0.99 Ga (Davidson and van Breemen, 1988; Dickin, 2004).
A southeasterly-thickening wedge of Lower Proterozoic, quartz-rich, shelf clastic sediments and subordinate
mixed volcanics comprising the Huronian Supergroup rocks, accumulated along the southern edge of the
Superior Province. The Huronian metasediments constitute much of the Penokean Fold belt that extends from
Sault Ste. Marie to east of Sudbury.
The Huronian Supergroup consists of four lithologic groups (Figure 6-1) with a cumulative thickness of 7 to
11 km, listed from the stratigraphic bottom to top:
1. Elliot Lake Group
2. Hough Lake Group
3. Quirke Lake Group
4. Cobalt Group
The intensity of metamorphism and deformation increases southward across the Southern Province, reflecting
the renewed convergence of the Southern cratonic block and supracrustal assemblages northward against
Superior Craton continuing at 2.2 Ga, peaking at 1.8 to 1.9 Ga during the Hudsonian Orogeny.
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Figure 6-1: Regional Geology Map
Source: OGS MRD 126, January 2025
The Huronian sediments and volcanics were intruded by Nipissing diabase, a widespread regional intrusive
unit, at 2.22 Ga (Sinclair, 1989). The diabase, an upper-mantle derived tholeiitic gabbro, occurs as widespread
sills and locally discordant masses occupying structural contacts and shear zones. The Nipissing diabase
sheets are succeeded by slightly younger thin amphibolite and trap dikes, and by later Precambrian diabase
dikes of the Sudbury swarm. Near Sudbury, the Creighton pluton intrudes Huronian mafic volcanics and is
dated at 2.2 Ga.
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A possible bolide impact in Sudbury at 1.84 Ga is correlated with the inception of the Sudbury Igneous Series,
an epoch of explosive igneous events and inception of mafic igneous activity and Nickel Irruptive that hosts the
important nickel-copper sulfide-PGM deposits of the Sudbury Basin. The Sudbury Irruptive is characterized by
early komatiite flows, and norite, gabbro, and granophyre series intrusives.
In the Espanola region, these rocks include the Eden Lake plutons near the east end of Lake Panache, the
Mongowin pluton in Mongowin township approximately 13 km southwest of Fostung, and at the Fostung
property itself. The plutons are interpreted to represent stages of mid- to late Proterozoic anorogenic (A-type)
magmatic activity that extended through much of the mid-continent of North America (Sinclair, 1989). The
Mongowin Pluton, dated at 1.77 Ga, is a composite pluton varying from trondhjemitic to altered peridotite,
carrying minor Ni-Cu sulfide mineralisation. The thin felsic dikes intersected in drilling are dated at Mid-Proterozoic, and are tentatively interpreted as having emanated from the pluton responsible for skarn
development and mineralisation. The albitite body intimately associated with the prominent quartz breccia
stockworks at Breccia Hill is now interpreted as a metasomatic alteration of a biotite granite (Oynyk, 1982). The
Croker Granitic Complex, dated at 1.47 Ga, occurs 45 km southwest of Fostung, while the Cutler Pluton crops
out 70 km due west of the property.
Fostung, the Mongowin Pluton, the Croker Granitic complex, and two small aegirine-reiebeckitealbite fenite
bodies located 30 km to the northeast all lie along a northeasterly trend. This is interpreted as an 80 km long,
basement lineament, with repetitive magmatism of varied compositions through much of the Proterozoic.
The Southern province has been tectonically stable since Grenville tectonism ceased at 0.99 Ga. The region
has experienced repetitive continental glaciations, particularly in the Pleistocene that are responsible for
present-day morphology. The area’s overburden is composed of glacial debris overlain with a variably thin soil
cover.
6.2 Local and Property Geology
Figure 6-2 shows the general geology of the Fostung area with a representative cross section of the property.
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Figure 6-2: Map of the Property Geology
Source: SRK (US), 2007
Notes: A: Plan view. B: Sectional view along A-A.
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Metasedimentary Rock Types
The Fostung Project is comprised of northeast striking, steeply northwest-dipping metasedimentary rocks of
the Huronian Supergroup. The Huronian Supergroup sediments are in general, immature to submature clastics
derived from the Superior Craton to the north. The Hough Lake, Quirke Lake and Cobalt Groups of the Huronian
Supergroup have been mapped within the Project area. The Hough Lake Group is represented by the
Mississagi Formation, the Quirke Lake Group is represented by the Bruce, Espanola, Serpent Formations,
while the Cobalt Group is represented by the Gowganda Formation.
The Base Line fault steeply dips to the northwest and is the main cross-cutting structure of the Project. The
fault is parallel to the strike and dip of the metasediments, as well as several smaller faults. The Base Line fault
and other structures are described in Section 6.2.3. The detailed stratigraphy southeast of the Base Line Fault
has not been compiled. Mapping by Card (1978) shows a significant downthrow on the southeast side of the
fault, juxtaposing Serpent Formation quartzites in fault contact against Espanola formation.
The Bruce Formation
The Bruce Formation constitutes the basal member of the successive Quirke Lake Group and is the first unit
in the section to carry appreciable carbonate component. The thickness of the Bruce Formation varies from
10 to 450 m, and consists of dirty, rusty, unsorted to poorly sorted polymictic para-conglomerates with a
schistose greywacke matrix.
Espanola Formation
The Espanola Formation is the middle siltstone-argillite formation of the Quirke Lake Group. It is notable for an
unusually high primary carbonate content, representing the first post-Archean sedimentary carbonate unit in
Canada (Card, 1978; Ginn and Beecham, 1986). The Espanola is divided into five members (from bottom to
top) (Figure 6-3):
• A lowermost limestone member
• A siltstone section that contains a lower, non-calcareous greywacke member
• A calcareous siltstone member
• A sandstone member
• A capping upper siltstone member
The tungsten mineralisation at the Fostung Project occurs in the middle Calcareous Siltstone Member.
The Limestone Member has not been found at Fostung in mapping or drilling, but the correlative section at
Brazil Lake, several miles to the northwest, provides an indication that the unit is either buried deep at Fostung
along the limbs of the anticline or removed by the Base Line Fault. Ginn and Beecham (1986) note the
Limestone Member is either in sharp contact with the Bruce Formation or gradational over one metre. The
limestone member constitutes an excellent exploration target for high-grade mineralisation where it lies in
contact with the felsic intrusive.
The middle siltstone section is 200 to 280 m thick and has been further subdivided from Card’s original mapping
into two members, namely a lower, noncalcareous greywacke, and an upper calcareous siltstone (Card, 1978;
Olynyk, 1982; Ginn and Becham, 1986). The lower greywacke member at Fostung is a slightly calcareous
argillaceous greywacke to black slate of 150 m thickness. It is generally monotonous, thickly bedded, mostly
non-calcareous siltstone-argillite and fine argillaceous sandstone. The Greywacke Member unit is mapped at
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Brazil Lake, where the calcareous component appears to be absent. The upper portion has been intersected
in drillholes at the Fostung Project and demonstrated the potential carry significant scheelite mineralisation
(such as in drillhole 3115-29). The upper half of the Lower Siltstone section is comprised of the Calcareous
Siltstone Member and is the host unit to the tungsten skarn mineralisation described in Section 6.3. The
Calcareous Siltstone Member consists of approximately 150 m of thinly bedded and calcareous siltstone-argillite, with the carbonate section converted largely to calc-silicate assemblages, feldspars and quartz.
The lower contact of the sandstone member with the top of the Calcareous Siltstone member is mappable
throughout the Foster and adjoining Merritt Townships. The sandstone member is comprised of approximately
200 m of quartzites, calcsilicate quartzites, and calc-silicate rich beds.
The Upper Siltstone Member is approximately 15 m thick and constitutes the uppermost unit of the Espanola
Formation.
Serpent Formation
The overlying Serpent Formation constitutes the uppermost formation in the Quirke Lake Group. It is largely
composed of well-bedded and medium- to thick-bedded feldspathic sandstone, siltstone, argillite, and minor
carbonate units that have a diagnostic “porcelaneous” weathered surface, varying widely in thickness from
30 to 450 m. In its lower portion the Serpent Formation contains some calcareous siltstone and sandstone. At
Fostung, the upper part of the Serpent Formation is restricted to south of the Base Line Fault, where it consists
of clean white weathering quartzite with minor inter-formational conglomerate.
Gowganda Formation
Disconformably overlying the Serpent Formation is the Gowganda Formation of the Cobalt Group. The
Gowganda Formation, which marks the inception of another cycle, is composed of rubbly and conglomeratic
rocks of glacial origin and does not contain any significantly calcareous rocks.
6.2.1 Intrusive Rock Types
Nipissing Diabase
The oldest igneous intrusion within the Fostung Project is a Nipissing diabase dyke. The dyke is situated in the
middle of the property and dips steeply towards the northwest. In the centre of the property, the dyke has a
thickness up to 70 m. The diabase contains locally disseminated pyrrhotite adjacent to the mineralised skarn,
as well as minor chalcopyrite and very minor scheelite. The diabase has a low magnetic response across the
property, but in the vicinity of Breccia Hill has a 2,000 gamma above normal expression. The magnetic profile
increases at Breccia Hill correlates positively with both an increase in pyrrhotite content and with the formation
of late-stage actinolite-quartz-calcite veinlets. This feature indicates the diabase predates metasomatism and
has been altered by the hydrothermal activity associated with the breccia.
Breccia Hill Breccias
At Breccia Hill, a large zone of well-developed quartz stockwork and quartz-flooded breccias surround a core
zone of albitite. The stockwork-breccia complex forms an elongated body of approximately 400 m east-west by
200 m north-south. The quartz of the breccia is very fine grained, dense, and creamy yellow. The vein quartz
is generally glassy, coarse-grained dark-grey grains containing less than 5% calcite, carries no sulfide minerals,
and contains minor tourmaline crystals with up to 1% TiO2 present based on chemical analyses. Contacts
between brecciated and bleached quartzite are gradational. Drill intercepts show the less altered sections are
still recognizable as biotite granite.
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Porphyritic Intrusions
A number of narrow dikes of a feldspar porphyritic muscovite “granite” have been intersected in drillholes,
mainly within 35 m of the Base Line Fault. The dikes are composed of 35% to 40% quartz, 35% to 40% K-feldspar, 15% to 20% albite, and 2% to 5% muscovite. Composition of the dikes ranges from granodiorite to
granite.
Conceptual exploration planning postulates that a larger body at depth may be responsible for the skarn
development and mineralisation. Reference is made in a Sulpetro report to one of the Sulpetro geophysicists
that reviewed the provincial aeromagnetic map for the property, and was able to discern an elliptical area of
2.9 km by 6.4 km, which the author hypothesized to be the source pluton. This report was unavailable for
review.
Keewenawan-Type Olivine Diabase Dykes
Numerous late Keewenawan-type olivine diabase dikes have been mapped on the property or outlined by
magnetometer surveys. The dikes are dated at 1.28 Ga (Card and Pattison, 1973). They are commonly 6 to
12 m wide. The dykes are composed of olivine, augite, calcic plagioclase laths, and commonly sufficient
magnetite and pyrrhotite to provide a distinct magnetic pattern.
6.2.2 Alteration
Calc-Silicate Alteration
Carbonate-bearing strata in the Fostung district have been variably metasomatized and metamorphosed over
a 5.5 km by 0.5 km corridor coincident with, and along, the Base Line Fault. The skarns, which host significant
scheelite mineralisation, are concentrated along a 2.1 km by 0.65 km zone, largely at the northwest end of the
Base Line Fault within the calcareous siltstone member of the Espanola Formation. Additional skarn with
significant scheelite mineralisation occurs along the southeast side of the fault in the weakly calcareous silty
layers of the overlying Sandstone Member encompassing a 1.2 km by 0.25 km zone.
The thin-bedded calcareous, quartz-rich siltstones and sandstones within the calcareous siltstone member
have been variably altered to calc-silicate assemblages. The greater proportion of the calc-silicate rocks are
composed of fine-grained light or pale green calc-silicate assemblage, with a subordinate fine-grained dark
green calc-silicate component. The pale green skarns are composed of quartz and feldspar with lesser amounts
of tremolite, diopsidic clinopyroxene, epidote, and clinozoisite and minor calcite. The dark green skarns are
characterized by dominant actinolite, plus variable amounts of quartz, feldspar, and chlorite. This type of skarn
is replaced by diopside skarn. The skarns and highly mineralised intervals are associated with variable fluorite.
The spatial distribution of actinolite skarn correlates with pre-existing faults and is replaced by later skarn
assemblages that are associated with lesser scheelite. The formation of hydrous actinolite skarn implies contact
metasomatism as opposed to metamorphism. This fluid is characterized by high Fe and lesser Mn, which is
also observed in association with later-stage scheelite mineralisation. Areas of the Fostung Project dominated
by actinolite skarn represent exploration targets for later-formed scheelite mineralisation, particularly in areas
where faulting and fracturing is present or suspected.
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Silicate Alteration
Exposures of granitic rocks have not been found on the Fostung property but are inferred from the narrow felsic
porphyritic granitic dykes intersected in drillholes. Three dykes ranging in thickness from 0.5 to 4.0 m were
intersected in drillhole 3115-08. One dyke consists of quartz feldspar porphyry, while the other two are fine-grained equigranular granite (Sinclair, 1989). Alteration is variable in intensity and extent. Albite and lesser K-feldspar are replaced by fine grained sericite and carbonate. In other core intercepts, up to 20% of the rock is
replaced by clusters of medium-grained muscovite.
Figure 6-3: Stratigraphic Section of the Espanola Formation in and Around Fostung Project
Source: Ginn and Beecham (1986)
Notes: Modified by SRK
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6.2.3 Structural Geology
The metasedimentary rocks of the Fostung deposit are folded and faulted by multiple deformation events. The
Bruce, Espanola, Serpent and Gowganda Formations form the Elizabeth Lake syncline to the north and the
St. Leonard Lake Anticlinorium on the south. All units strike northeasterly and dip steeply to the northwest. The
Fostung skarns are located on the northwest limb of the St. Leonard Anticline which is also the southeast limb
of the Elizabeth Lake Syncline.
In the central and northeastern part of the property the strata dips approximately 80° northwesterly, flattening
to 45° southwestward towards Breccia Hill. Minor “S” folds east of the hill plunge to the southwest at 35 ° and
reflect the large-scale southwesterly plunge of the Elizabeth Lake syncline and the St. Leonard Lake Anticline.
Slight strike irregularities in the central part of the property and southeast of Breccia Hill indicate folding and
flexures on the order of 10 to 100 m.
Three sets of faults have been mapped at the Fostung Project:
• A northeast-southwest striking set, including the Base Line Fault.
• A west-northwest and east-southeast-striking set that abuts against the Base Line Fault and affects the
grade of mineralisation.
• An east-west striking fault bounding the north side of Breccia Hill of the Murray fault system.
Magnetic features suggest there are many other covered faults on the property.
The Base Line Fault (cf, St. Leonard Fault) is a topographic feature that trends northeasterly parallel to the
Fostung Project grid base line and is extensive across the entire property, marked by low swampy ground
(Card, 1978). The fault strikes N.50° E. and is dipping 85° to the southeast. The structure truncates and forms
the south boundary for the Espanola Formation. It cuts and is cut by numerous northerly-trending cross faults.
The structure juxtaposes the stratigraphically lower Calcareous Siltstone Member skarn and Greywacke
Member against the down-dropped anticlinal top section of Serpent Formation, indicating a displacement of
approximately 750 m. The sections on both sides of the fault dip steeply to the northwest.
At Breccia Hill and in drill intercepts, the fault is characterized by repetitively fractured and recemented quartz
stockwork and albitite. Elsewhere on the property the fault zone is characterized by chlorite-filled slip planes
and blocky ground.
6.3 Mineral Deposit
The Fostung Project hosts skarn mineralisation of tungsten, molybdenum, copper and silver. Tungsten skarns
are a member of the skarn family of deposits, hosted within carbonate rocks, which are subject to
metasomatism and metamorphism due to proximity to a relatively evolved felsic intrusive (Green et al., 2020).
Skarn deposits exhibit temporal and spatial zoning reflective of the stage of skarn development.
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The Fostung Project tungsten deposit is a disseminated and lesser stockwork skarn body developed in steeply
dipping calcareous clastic Lower Proterozoic rocks of the Huronian Supergroup. Mineralisation appears
spatially associated with minor felsic quartz porphyry to granitic dikes, conceptually related to a possible
porphyry-type source pluton at some depth. In and around the Fostung Project, the skarn zones appear to
border the Nipissing diabase, but it is believed that the skarn mineralisation is related to a suit of poorly exposed
felsic intrusives (Ginn and Beecham, 1986). On the property, the scheelite-bearing Calcareous Siltstone
member is down-dropped approximately 750 m on the southern side of the Base Line Fault.
Mineralisation is largely stratabound and epigenetic, showing evidence of strong structural control. Higher
scheelite grades correspond to dark green hydrous actinolite-dominant skarn, formed by both retrograde and
prograde processes. Scheelite bearing skarn is largely stratiform within the Calcareous Siltstone Member,
resulting in intercalated high-grade skarn beds or lenses within a largely non-mineralised diopside-tremolite
calc-silicate rock. Garnet ± hedenbergite portions appear to be somewhat restricted to beds or lenses of
limestone within the Calcareous Siltstone member. The higher-grade dark green calcsilicate alteration
assemblages show an apparent spatial relationship to fracture zones and prominent cross faults that cut the
folded section. This feature provides the exploration opportunity to test these zones at depth and offers
exploration opportunities along strike.
The Fostung Project tungsten deposit is hosted within the Calcareous Siltstone member of the Espanola
Formation which has been partially altered to skarn assemblages. The skarn alteration is traceable for at least
4 km along strike.
Fostung scheelite mineralisation extends from southwest of Breccia Hill along strike of the Calcareous Siltstone
Member of the Espanola Formation for approximately 2 km to the northeast. Thinner and more discontinuous
skarns with less volumetrically significant scheelite occur in the stratigraphically higher and successor
Sandstone and upper Serpent Members, and in calcareous portions of the Greywacke Member.
The mineralisation at Fostung consists of scheelite (CaWO4), molybdenite (MoS2), molybdoscheelite (powellite)
(Ca(W,Mo)O4) with 5% substitution of Mo for W), pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS2), pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2),
sphalerite ((Fe,Zn)S), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), stannite (Cu2FeSnS4), native silver (Ag) and
native bismuth. Silver and gold occur as inclusions or in solid solution with sulfide phases. The Fostung data
files contain very little reflected light petrographic descriptions of the ore mineralogy and paragenesis, and what
little is known about habit and occurrence has been abstracted from drill logs and Union Carbide quarterly
reports and summaries. There are no reports in the files describing oxide and secondary mineralisation;
presumably, most upper oxidation zones were removed during the last glacial period.
Scheelite occurs as fine to coarse-grained disseminations within skarn, associated with later phase dark green
calc-silicate and with garnet ± pyroxene assemblages. It also has been observed as fine grains within thin
quartz ± calcite veinlets. Microprobe analyses showed up to 5% Mo substitution (i.e., in powellite structure) for
tungsten in some grains. Pyrrhotite is invariably associated with scheelite and occurs as fine grains up to 50%
in intervals. Better grade scheelite is associated with disseminated pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite and abundant
dark red garnet; less commonly, it is associated with the dark green actinolite skarns containing up to 50%
pyrrhotite. Molybdenite occurs as fine rosettes and plates, as disseminations, along fractures, and in quartz
veinlets, but is low grade and erratically distributed. Other sulfide minerals occur as interstitial grains and
disseminations.
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Narrow quartz ± calcite veinlets carry an appreciable part of the deposit’s molybdenite, but do not carry
significant scheelite. The quartz veins vary in width from 1 to 15 cm, and rarely up to 0.5 to 5.0 m. The veins
cut the core axis at small angles, and are most numerous near cross faults, appearing to have a similar
orientation as the faults. The veins contain higher scheelite and associated metal concentrations where they
cut mineralised skarns. Three vein groupings are recognized:
(1) Gray-white quartz with pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite, scheelite, and molybdenite ± arsenopyrite ± native
bismuth ± sphalerite ± native bismuth, with metals concentrated on vein edges
(2) Coarse gray calcite ± quartz with pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, scheelite, native bismuth ± sphalerite and an
unidentified arsenide
(3) Quartz with molybdenite ± minor fluorite
The quartz and calcite veins are paragenetically later than the skarn mineralisation.
Several skarns intervals were found to contain rare gold, up to 6.9 g/t over 1.5 m. Silver mineralised intercepts
between 3.0 g/t to 30.0 g/t have been encountered in intervals up to 1.5 m in width. These tend to be associated
with calcite ± quartz and quartz veins, especially in association with native bismuth. Copper-rich skarns
containing 0.05% to 0.20% Cu have also been observed.
The primary controls on mineralisation are the proximity of chemically favourable carbonate bearing strata to
structural permeability zones of faults and fractures. Conceptually the faults have provided the channel
pathways for hydrothermal fluids derived from an unknown, presumably deep buried plutonic source. The
lensoidal and thin- bedded distribution of carbonate horizons within the Calcareous Siltstone, and the lack of
clear-cut marker beds, indicates it will be advisable to ultimately plot and evaluate the unfolded distribution of
calcsilicate horizons. Similarly, a careful examination of the spatial relationship of the Base Line Faults and its
sympathetic elements to the calcareous horizons may prove beneficial in planning exploration. Pursuit of the
undiscovered basal Limestone Member will also require careful stratigraphic and structural reconstruction.
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7 Exploration
The discussion in this section is related to the historical exploration conducted from 1966 to 2021, by several
companies as outlined in the History section (Section 5) and limited confirmation drilling by Transition in 2021.
After acquisition, UAMY has not undertaken any exploration activity in the Fostung Project other than limited
surface sampling and collection of samples for metallurgical testing. At the time of this report, results of this
sampling program were not available to SRK. In this and the following sections, all historical exploration works
have been sub-divided into periods:
• Pre-2007: This supported the 2007 Mineral Resource estimate from exploration data collected between
1966 and 1988.
• Post-2007: This mainly includes drilling carried out by Transition Metals.
7.1 Exploration Work (Other Than Drilling)
The exploration activities in and around the project area have been presented in Section 5. Since acquiring the
property, in 2021, Transition Metals carried out limited geological mapping and surface sampling as well as
compilation of the historical data.
7.2 Exploration Drilling
A total of 50 core holes (10,295 m) have been drilled on the Fostung Project between 1966 and 2021, including
six newer holes (1,110 m) drilled by Transition Metals in 2021 (Figure 7-1). Out of the 50 holes, 44 holes were
considered in the 2007 Mineral Resource estimation by SRK (US). To date, UAMY has not undertaken any
drilling activities on the property.
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Figure 7-1: Map Showing the Distribution of Drilling
Notes: The red drill collars are for holes drilled by Transition Metals in 2021 and the green collars are holes drilled prior to Transition.
7.2.1 Pre-2007 Drilling (1966-1986)
Information for this section is largely sourced from the 2007 Technical Report.
All historic drilling operations at Fostung have been conducted with industry-standard wireline diamond core
rigs using well-known reputable drilling contractors. All but two historic drillholes are angle holes, drilled from
northwest to southeast at various azimuths and angles. Drilling diameters from 1966 through early 1980 were
AQ or AX in size and switched to BQ diameter from 1980 through to 1986.
Between 1966 to 1986, a total of 44 core holes (9,185 m) were drilled. The holes are numbered F 33-1 to F 33-
14, and F3315-01 to 3315-30. The drilling was oriented along southeast trending section lines spaced 20 to
400 m apart (Figure 7-1). The average section spacing is 80 m and only 30% of the sections contain more than
one drillhole. The details of each drillhole are listed below in Table 7-1.
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Table 7-1: Summary of Historical Drilling (Pre-2007)
Drill Series Hole ID Year Lessor Contractor Core Size Length (m)
F 33- 1 1966 Texas Gulf Longyear AXT 107
F 33- 2 1966 Texas Gulf Longyear AQ 140
F 33- 3 1966 Texas Gulf Longyear AXT 114
F 33- 4 1966 Texas Gulf Longyear AX 113
F 33- 5 1966 Texas Gulf Longyear AX 183
F 33- 6 1967 Texas Gulf Longyear AXT 280
F 33- 7 1971 VanGulf Longyear AQ 284
F 33- 8 1971 VanGulf Longyear AQ 325
F 33- 9 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 541
F 33- 9 DEEPEN 1986 Novamin McKnight Drilling AQ 406
F 33- 10 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 188
F 33- 11 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 170
F 33- 12 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 195
F 33- 13 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 209
F 33- 14 1972 St Jos. Bradley Drilling AQ 107
F- 3115- 1 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 82
F- 3115- 2 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 130
F- 3115- 3 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 206
F- 3115- 4 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 95
F- 3115- 5 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 101
F- 3115- 6 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 211
F- 3115- 7 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling AQ? 197
F- 3115- 8 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling BQ 368
F- 3115- 8 DEEPEN 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ 170
F- 3115- 9 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling BQ 205
F- 3115- 10 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling BQ 72
F- 3115- 11 1980 St Jos. Barron Drilling BQ 189
F- 3115- 12 1981 St Jos. Markstay Drilling BQ ? 187
F- 3115- 13 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 189
F- 3115- 14 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 221
F- 3115- 14 DEEPEN 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 170
F- 3115- 15 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 242
F- 3115- 16 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 227
F- 3115- 17 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 221
F- 3115- 18 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 218
F- 3115- 19 (Vert.) 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 187
F- 3115- 19 DEEPEN 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 200
F- 3115- 20 1981 Sulpetro Markstay Drilling BQ ? 146
F- 3115- 21 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 141
F- 3115- 22 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 139
F- 3115- 23 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 151
F- 3115- 24 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 177
F- 3115- 25 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 125
F- 3115- 26 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 193
F- 3115- 27 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 242
F- 3115- 28 (Vert.) 1983 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 227
F- 3115- 29 1985 Sulpetro N. Morrisette BQ ? 152
F- 3115- 29 DEEPEN 1986 Novamin McKnight Drilling BQ 430
F- 3115- 30 1986 Novamin McKnight Drilling BQ 146
Total 9,185
Source: SRK (US), 2007
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The drilling, core handling, and security procedures used by historical operators was not available. The
documentation supporting historical drilling was not retained. The casings were left in the ground upon
completion of drilling, and many of these can still be located in the field. Downhole surveys were conducted
using a Tropari unit and acid etch tested for deflection angles. The results of these surveys were clearly
recorded in the available logs. The downhole surveys were also recorded onto hand-drawn cross-sections used
for geological interpretation.
The drill core was placed in core boxes, lamped with a UV lamp, logged, split and ½ core was sampled. There
are no references in the files discussing or describing how the core was split.
The remaining half-core was retained for an unknown period. Sulpetro and Umetco maintained a core shed in
Espanola and at the Long Lake Resort where logging and sampling were carried out. Sampling was conducted
on intervals as determined by the intensity of calc-silicate alteration, presence of sulfide minerals, and the
distribution of scheelite as revealed by ultraviolet (UV) lamping. Most diabase sections were not sampled; one
drillhole located within quartzite and diabase was not sampled.
Much of the early drilling from 1966 to 1973 was later sampled and re-sampled by successive operators. In
1981, a large composite sample from 187 mineralised horizons made up from the stored coarse rejects were
used by Union Carbide’s metallurgical research lab for a preliminary assessment of the grindability and optimal
size fraction required for successful flotation and recovery. Although the Union Carbide metallurgical test
program utilized 187 intervals from six drillholes of the coarse core reject material, the historical coarse rejects
and pulps are no longer available, and documentation of their discard date is unavailable.
The resultant assays for these historical programs are, for the most part, well documented, neatly organized
and readily available. They were originally recorded by hand; however, these logs have been subsequently
transferred to a digital database by SRK Consulting (US) in 2007.
7.2.2 Post-2007 Drilling by Transition Metals (2021)
In 2021, Transition Metals subcontracted Jacob and Samuel Drilling Inc., of Chelmsford, Ontario, to core drill
(NQ diameter) a total of six holes, for a total of 1,110 m. Drilling was focused in the historic resource area
(Figure 7-1) with two of the holes planned to twin historic holes, and the remainder for infill (Table 7-2).
Table 7-2: Summary of the 2021 Drilling by Transition Metals
Hole ID Purpose Easting Northing Azimuth Dip Length (m) Number of
Samples
21-FT-01 Twin hole F-33-10 450584 5120450 140 -50 192 201
21-FT-02 Infill 450544 5120387 140 -50 240 256
21-FT-03 Infill 450591 5120393 140 -50 201 190
21-FT-04 Twin Hole F-33-05 450494 5120335 140 -50 201 217
21-FT-05 Infill 450664 5120386 140 -50 126 137
21-FT-06 Infill 450701 5120440 140 -50 150 160
Total 1,110 1,161
Downhole surveys were collected every 50 to 100 m by the drilling contractor, using a Reflex multi-shot tool.
Collar surveys were completed Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) by Transition Metals personnel.
All casing rods were left in place and marked with the hole ID for future reference.
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Extracted core was placed into wooden core boxes with wooden blocks placed at the end of each 3.0 m core
run to mark the total depth. Once full, the core box was secured with a top lid and stacked for transportation.
Drill core was transported from the drill site to a local core logging facility by the drill contractor or Transition
Metals staff.
At the core logging facility, core was laid out and visually inspected at Transition Metals’ Sudbury office. The
core was marked, measured, and photographed (Figure 7-2). Core logging was done digitally in MXDeposit®
using tablets or laptop computers; the logging software captured lithology, structure, alteration, mineralogy,
sample intervals, core recovery, and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) information. A UV lamp was used to
determine locations with scheelite mineralisation (Figure 7-3).
Logging of drill core and the determination of sample intervals were performed by Transition project geologists.
The drillhole database is compiled in electronic format and contains collar surveys, assay intervals, lithology
and assay values.
Figure 7-2: Core Logging Facility
Notes: A: Core logging and photography facility. B: Density measurement facility
Figure 7-3: Scheelite Response to Ultra-Violet Lamping
Source: Transition Metals, 2020
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7.2.3 Drilling, Sampling, or Recovery Factors
There is little or no information available to review on drilling practices for the pre-2007 holes. The QP did not
visit the Fostung Project during the 2021 drilling program and therefore, was not able to personally observe the
exploration practices, being adopted by Transition Metals. After the discussions with the relevant personnel
and reviewing the standard operating protocol documents, the QP is of the opinion that the drilling procedures
adopted by Transition Metals at Fostung are consistent with generally recognized industry best practices. The
core samples were collected by competent personnel according to generally accepted industry best practices.
The sampling process was undertaken or supervised by suitably qualified geologists. SRK concludes that the
samples are representative of the source materials and there is no evidence that the sampling process
introduced a bias. The QP did however find a material issue with core storage and sample security, which is
discussed further in Sections 9.3 and 11.
7.2.4 Drilling Results and Interpretation
The objective of the drilling by Transition Metals in 2021 was primarily to twin some of the historical drillholes
in order to demonstrate confidence in the data generated by previous operators. The drilling was focused on
the relatively higher-grade part of the mineralisation and potential open pit area. The 2021 drilling data are
generally in agreement with historical data, in terms of mineralisation boundary and spatial tungsten grade
distribution. Any noticeable difference, particularly in grade, between twin holes, can be ascribed to degree of
alteration and distribution of skarn minerals. In general, Fostung Project generally has limited down the hole
survey data. Eleven historical holes did not have any downhole survey. The exploration database has a total
of 106 survey records, with an average of one record per 97 m drilled.
7.3 Hydrogeology
No meaningful hydrogeology data have been collected as a part of the legacy work on this project.
7.4 Geotechnical Data, Testing and Analysis
No meaningful geotechnical data have been collected as a part of the legacy work on this project. Limited
structural information, from the drilling, were collected related to some fault zones, sulphide banding and
veining. However, the structural information was found to be inconsistent to be used in any geological models.
7.5 Exploration Targets
The most significant and continuous tungsten mineralisation discovered to date is within the core of the deposit.
The mineralised section is incompletely explored and has the potential for expansion to the east and west, and
possibly along flanking faults parallel to the Base Line Fault. Geophysical maps produced in 2011 demonstrate
the structural setting of known mineralisation (Figure 5-1).
Based on the available geological information and exploration data, the Fostung Project tungsten deposit is
open, particularly along the strike towards south-west. The 2011 VTEM geophysical survey demonstrated that
some of the TMI anomalies are aligned with tungsten mineralisation in the property (Figure 5-1). That TMI
anomaly continues further south-west which still needs to be tested by trenching and drilling. The historical and
2021 drilling data indicate that the mineralised calcareous siltstone unit continues further along the strike and
down the dip. Exploration for the basal Limestone Member and a buried plutonic source for mineralising fluids
are potential targets; however, would improve the overall geological understanding and have potential for future
exploration planning once the most obvious near-surface mineralisation has been thoroughly evaluated.
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8 Sample Preparation, Analysis, and Security
The discussion in this section is related to the historical exploration conducted from 1966 to 2021 by several
companies as outlined in the History section (Section 5) and of limited confirmation drilling by Transition Metals
in 2021. The information presented in this section, related to pre-2007 drilling, is primarily based on the 2007
Technical Report. Transition Metals provided SRK with standard operating documents (SOP) and information
related to drilling in 2021.
8.1 Sample Preparation Methods and Quality Control Measures
No information is available, with respect to sample preparation practices, in the pre-2007drilling campaigns.
For the post-2007 drilling, core sampling was undertaken by Transition Metals personnel. Sample lengths were
restricted to no less than 0.3 m and no more than 1.5 m. The core was split in half with a hydraulic rock splitter.
Each half-core sample was placed into a pre-labelled sample bag with a corresponding sample tag, ensuring
it matched the sample tag in the core box before it was sealed. The remaining half-core material was returned
to the core box, labelled with grease pencil. The sample tag books were completed and retained for future
reference. Analytical quality control materials were inserted at a maximum of 1-in-20 samples.
Sealed samples were collected from the work site, with the process dependent on the sample type.
Typically, groups of five to ten samples were placed into woven industrial-grade fabric shipping bags (rice
sacks), with documentation of which samples were in each sack. The sacks were securely closed with zip ties,
and each large sack was labelled with the following information: company name, project name, number of
samples, and number of sacks. A sample submission form was prepared to reflect the batch of material being
submitted, selecting the appropriate material, workflow, preparation codes, and analysis codes. Sample
submission documents were completed in triplicate: one copy was retained for company records, one copy
was placed in the first sack of the sample batch, and the third copy was submitted to the lab upon delivery. If
material is collected in a remote location, all sacks were transported off-site to a secure location and stored
until they could be transported or shipped directly to ALS-Chemex processing facilities for sample preparation.
8.2 Sample Preparation, Assaying and Analytical Procedures
The pre- and post-2007 diamond drill cores were analyzed using multiple methods. Between 1966 and 1986,
analytical methods were Neutron Activation, Direct Current (DC) Plasma, Wet Chemical (gravimetric or
colorimetric), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and some Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for gold and silver.
The recent 2021 drill core samples were analysed by Inductively coupled plasma atomic/optical emission
spectroscopy (ICP-AES and ICP-OES), AAS, and XRF.
8.2.1 Pre-2007 Analytical Methods (1966-1986)
The Fostung data files contain scattered references to various laboratory assay methodologies; however, little
specific data is present concerning how samples were prepared. The various succession of lessors utilized
industry standard assay laboratories in Ontario and Vancouver Provinces including Bondar-Clegg, X-Ray
Assay Labs (XRAL), and Technical Services Lab. All the laboratories were independent of the operators.
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The labs used three different analytical methods for tungsten, depending on the client’s preferences. These
included Neutron Activation (NAA), XRF, and Wet Chemical (WC) (gravimetric or colorimetric). Copper,
molybdenum, and zinc were analyzed by both XRF and Direct Coupling Plasma (DCP) analysis. Silver and
gold were analyzed by Fire Assay (FA) with an Atomic Absorption finish (AA). Other metals (tin and bismuth)
assays were made by DCP or AA. St. Joseph Explorations early on in their tenure also used some
semiquantitative multi-elements spectroscopic scans on an infrequent basis to check for unusually elevated
background metals.
8.2.2 Transition Metals Analytical Methods (2021)
The 2021 core samples were submitted to ALS Chemex in Sudbury, Ontario for sample preparation with further
analyses completed at the ALS Chemex facilities in North Vancouver, B.C. ALS currently holds ISO 9001
(Quality Management Systems) and ISO 17025 (General Requirement for the Competence of Testing and
Calibration Laboratories) certification. ALS Chemex laboratory is independent of UAMY.
Once samples are received at the laboratory, packages are bar-coded and logged into the Laboratory
Information Management System (LIMS). The samples are prepared using PREP-31 in the following
procedure:
• Weigh samples
• Dry samples generally at >100⁰C
• Fine crush of rock chip and drill samples to better then 70% pf the sample passing 2 mm
• Split sample using riffle splitter
• Sample split of up to 250 g is pulverized to better than 85% of the sample passing 75 microns
• Pulp portion is sent for analysis
Analytical analysis was completed using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for copper, silver and molybdenum
analysis. Fire assay fusion with an ICP-AES finish on a 30 g aliquot was used in the determination of gold.
Tungsten determination was performed by Lithium Metaborate – Tetraborate fusion with an X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) analysis (ALS code ME-XRF15c) or Lithium Borate Fusion with an XRF
finish (ALS Code: MEXRF10). A summary of the analytical methods and detection limits used in 2021 is shown
in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1: Analytical Methods used by ALS Chemex in 2021
Code Element Limits Description
ME-XRF15c
WO3 0.01-100 %
Mo 0.01-60 % Base Metal Concentrates by Fusion / XRF
Cu 0.01-50 %
XRF10 W 0.01-50 % Resistive Minerals by Fusion / XRF
ME-MS61
Cu 0.2-10,000 ppm
Ultra-Trace Four-Acid Digestion with ICP MS and
ICP-AES Ag 0.01-100 ppm
Mo 0.05-10,000 ppm
Au-ICP21 Au 0.001-10 ppm Fire Assay Fusion, ICP-AES Finish
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8.2.3 Specific Gravity Data
A total of 719 specific gravity determinations were included in the resource database from 2021 drilling. No
specific gravity data was available from pre-2007 drilling programs.
Specific gravity measurements were collected by Transition Metals in-house using the water displacement
method. Specific gravity determinations were made on full diameter core samples from the 2021 drill program.
Sample lengths measured 10 centimetres on average and were collected from mineralised zones and from
wall rocks on either side of mineralised zones.
8.3 Quality Control Procedures/Quality Assurance
Quality control measures are typically set in place to ensure the reliability and trustworthiness of exploration
data. These measures include written field procedures and independent verification of aspects such as drilling,
surveying, sampling, assaying, data management and database integrity, are important as a safeguard for
project data and form the basis for the quality assurance program implemented during exploration.
Analytical quality control measures typically involve internal and external laboratory control measures
implemented to monitor the precision and accuracy of the sampling, preparation and assaying. They are also
important to prevent sample mix-up and to monitor the voluntary or inadvertent contamination of samples.
Assaying protocols typically involve regularly duplicating and replicating assays and inserting quality control
samples to monitor the reliability of assaying results delivered by the assaying laboratories. Check assaying is
normally performed as an additional test of the reliability of assaying results. This generally involves re-assaying
a set number of sample rejects and pulps at a secondary umpire laboratory.
8.3.1 Pre-2007 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs
Laboratory checks were performed on the Fostung WO3 assay results using two additional analytical methods.
Three of the drillholes were analyzed using a total of three different analytical techniques and an additional
drillhole was re-analyzed by an umpire laboratory. The WO3 assay data used for the 2007 Mineral Resource
model was generated by both neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence. Data comparisons were made
between each of the three analyses to investigate for any bias. In general, the results indicate that all three
methods produced satisfactory results (Figure 8-1).
Data from one drillhole was analyzed by the primary laboratory, XRAL using XRF and checked by Bondar-Clegg using an unknown technique. The results from the two laboratories are shown in Figure 8-1 (3115-08
Assay Duplicates) and indicate good reproducibility between laboratories.
Although the historical analytical quality control procedures did not meet today’s industry standard, they indicate
the historical operators were aware of the importance of good quality data and were undertaking investigations
deemed adequate at the time to ensure the reliability of the assays. The checks that were conducted indicated
that the various analysis methods and laboratories used to determine WO3 concentration were reproducible
and therefore considered acceptable.
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Figure 8-1: Scatter Plot of WO3 Assay Duplicates
Source: SRK (USA), 2007
8.3.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs by Transition Metals (2021)
Diamond drill information including collar location, downhole surveys, geotechnical, geological, and sample
information was input into MX Deposit, a cloud-based data management system by Seequent. The database
management helped to ensure data integrity by using internal algorithms which do not allow for overlapping
intervals.
Once assay certificates were received from the laboratory, Transition Metals personnel imported the
information into the database, reviewed, and finalized the logging and produced quality assurance and quality
control reports. Database validation and verifications by Transition Metals consist mainly of data entry error
check, collar spatial validation, intervals errors check, downhole survey deviation, quality assurance, and
quality control review.
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In September 2020, Transition Metals contracted Tulloch Engineering based in Espanola, Ontario, to resurvey
21 of the historic drill hole collars on the Fostung Property. Two long-duration Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) observations were conducted, with one receiver placed at each end of the site, positioned over
two 0.3-meter spikes. The GNSS data was submitted to the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service, offered
by Geodetic Surveys of Canada, for processing. The final results for each station achieved an absolute
accuracy of 0.02 m. Table 8-2 summarised the original versus resurveyed collar coordinates. The coordinates
are in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Zone 17N, on NAD83 datum plane). The original coordinates
were referenced in the 2007 technical report, but local coordinates were used in the mineral resource database.
Table 8-2: Summary of Historic Collar Resurvey Results Completed by Tulloch Engineering
Hole ID Original Collar Coordinates 2020 Resurveyed Coordinates Difference
Northing Easting Elevation Northing Easting Elevation Northing Easting Elevation
3115_1 5120715 451151 255 5120706 451150 252.5 -9.0 -1.0 -2.5
3115 2 5120665 451036 256 5120658.3 451038.4 257.5 -6.7 2.4 1.5
3115 3 5120784 451095 260 5120773.6 451092.7 257.1 -10.4 -2.3 -2.9
3115 4 5120182 450326 259 5120192.7 450324.2 249.2 10.7 -1.8 -9.8
3115 5 5120141 450340 248 5120153.3 450339.5 245 12.3 -0.5 -3.0
3115 6 5120287 450394 271 5120295.4 450393.9 257.3 8.4 -0.1 -13.7
3115_7 5120043 449952 239 5120060.9 449952.6 229.8 17.9 0.6 -9.2
3115 11 5120448 450614 247 5120449.4 450616.7 233.5 1.4 2.7 -13.5
3115 13 5120484 450653 243 5120484.7 450651.5 235.7 0.7 -1.5 -7.3
3115 14 5120424 450511 250 5120426.9 450516.4 233.5 2.9 5.4 -16.5
3115-15 5120346 450431 268 5120352.9 450430.1 247.4 6.9 -0.9 -20.6
3115 16 5120258 450327 276 5120266.7 450327.5 254.1 8.7 0.5 -21.9
3115 17 5120222 450212 245 5120233.2 450212.8 245.7 11.2 0.8 0.7
3115 22 5120066 450010 235 5120082.9 450012.7 230.5 16.9 2.7 -4.5
3115 23 5119979 450080 242 5119997.9 450083.5 236.1 18.9 3.5 -5.9
3115 24 5120019 449907 241 5120037.9 449907.8 231.3 18.9 0.8 -9.7
3115 25 5119944 449875 265 5119963.6 449876.4 257 19.6 1.4 -8.0
3115 26 5119893 449799 271 5119916.4 449800.2 262.9 23.4 1.2 -8.1
3115 28 5120445 450583 248 5120447.8 450585.2 232.5 2.8 2.2 -15.5
3115 29 5119889 450156 247 5119908.9 450156.2 240.8 19.9 0.2 -6.2
3115 30 5120463 450597 244 5120468 450598.7 232.3 5.0 1.7 -11.7
Notes: Coordinates are in UTM (Zone 17N) on NAD83 datum.
Analytical quality control samples were integrated into the sample sequence workflows by Transition Metals in
2021. Transition Metals used two types of reference materials, including certified blanks (silica blanks) and
certified reference materials (CRMs). Transition Metals included two CRMs, both sourced from OREAS:
OREAS 700 and OREAS 701. Reference material samples were inserted into the sample numbering sequence
at semi-regular intervals, ensuring a cadence of a minimum of one in 15 and a maximum of one in every 25
samples. The reference samples type was recorded in the database and was also documented in the sample
tag books. Internal quality control analysis reports were generated by Transition Metals staff within the MX
Deposit software upon receipt of each analytical batch. Transition personnel evaluated the performance of the
reference materials, once the assays became available, on an ongoing basis.
8.3.3 Sample Security
In 2021, drill core samples were stored in a secure core processing and storage warehouse in Sudbury, Ontario,
prior to their shipment by company truck to the sample processing laboratories. All samples were securely
sealed, and chain of custody documents issued for all shipments. The analytical results from these samples
were received by authorized Transition Metals personnel using secure digital transfer transmissions.
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ALS Chemex held coarse and pulp reject samples in a secure area for 45 days, after which time the samples
were sent back to Transition Metals. Upon completion of the drilling programs, the drill core, and coarse rejects
and pulps were catalogued and securely stored in the core storage facility in Sudbury.
The drill core from the 2021 drill campaign was transported to the Fostung Project site for storage in 2024. The
cores were vandalized at this location and dumped from the contained boxes, leaving no reference core intact
for the Project. The QP visited the vandalized site and saw the resultant pile of core. Mineralised intervals from
within this pile were still visible, however the spatial reference had been lost. The QP witnessed core boxes
with tags showing drillhole numbers and depth and also wooden depth markers.
8.4 Opinion on Adequacy
SRK reviewed the field procedures and analytical quality control measures used by Transition Metals and
historical operators where possible. The analysis of the analytical quality control data is presented in Section 9
of this report. In the opinion of the QP, Transition Metals personnel used care in the collection and management
of the field and assaying exploration data. However, the QP strongly recommends that the security measures
for core storage be reviewed in future drilling programs.
The quality of the analytical data collected for tungsten, molybdenum, copper and silver is sufficiently reliable
to support Mineral Resource estimation. It is also the QP’s opinion that sample preparation and analysis are
generally performed in accordance with exploration best practices and industry standards. However, Transition
Metals used limited analytical quality control program for sample assay. No duplicates or umpire laboratory
checks were included in the program. Therefore, the assay results lack critical information such as assay
reproducibility.
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9 Data Verification
9.1 Data Verification Procedures
Information for this section was largely sourced from the 2007 Technical Report.
The pre-2007 electronic database of the Fostung exploration drilling was digitized by SRK Consulting (US) in
2007. Hard copy printouts of scanned original drill logs were provided by Golden Predator Mines Inc. and used
as the source data. Each drill log contained; the drillhole number, collar information, down hole survey data,
geologic intervals with descriptions, and assay intervals with results. The assayed intervals generally correlated
to the apparent zones of mineralisation. Additionally, not all intervals were analyzed for the same metals.
Copper was analyzed for 85% of the intervals, silver was analyzed for 72% of the intervals, gold was analyzed
for 47% of the intervals and zinc was analyzed for 3% of the intervals.
The measurement units used in the historic logs were inconsistent. Drill intervals were recorded in feet for early
data and metres were used subsequently. The assay analyses were also reported in inconsistent units including
weight percent (wt%), parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) and ounces per tonne (oz/t). The final
database produced by SRK (US) used metres, wt % and g/t, which required calculated conversions. The assay
database includes results from 2,310 sample intervals of varied lengths.
Tungsten was analyzed for 98% of the intervals and reported mainly as wt % WO3 and W ppm. The WO3 assay
data used for the resource model was generated by both neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence techniques
as discussed above in Section 12. Molybdenum was analyzed for 90% of the intervals and reported as Mo or
MoS2 as both wt % and ppm. The data were converted to wt%. Various assay labs reported different detection
limits and many assay results were reported as “nil”. The following adjustments were used:
• wt% data reported as <0.003 were entered as 0.002
• wt% data reported as <0.005 and <0.006 were entered as 0.003
• wt% data reported as <0.008 were entered as 0.004
• Ag data reported as <0.5g/t were entered as 0.2
• Au data reported as <0.2g/t were entered as 0.001 based on adjacent assays
• All “nil” values were entered as 0.001
• All assay intervals which were not analyzed for a specific metal were entered as -1
• All un-sampled intervals were entered into the database and entered as -1 for all metals
Geologic records were translated from the drill log rock types into alphanumeric codes for the database. The
drill logs were reviewed and coded into twenty-two different rock and alteration types as from-to intervals with
the corresponding rock code.
Drill collar coordinates were derived from three sources, including:
1. Calculated, closed loop surveys conducted between 1980 and 1985
2. Scaling a drillhole location map which included the local mine grid
3. Triangulation using three nearby collars with surveyed coordinates
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A list of drill collar coordinates generated during surveys in 1980, 1981, 1983, and 1985 included 81% of the
collars. This is described as a calculated, closed loop survey with the results reported to the second decimal in
the local mine grid metric coordinates.
The remaining un-surveyed drillholes were located using two different methods. The collar coordinates for three
of these drillholes were scaled from a drillhole location map, which included the local mine grid. Five additional
drillholes were triangulated on a drillhole location map which did not have the local grid, using three nearby
collars, each with surveyed coordinates. The triangulated locations were then averaged to generate the final
collar coordinates.
Elevations for all of the non-surveyed holes were taken from the drillhole location maps or estimated from
nearby surveyed holes.
Once the electronic database was created, data verification to the original hard copy source material was
conducted. All of the drill collar coordinates, drillhole orientations and down hole surveys were verified. The
geologic intervals were checked line by line for eleven percent of the data entries. A minimum of two entries
were checked on all the drillholes. The assay data was checked line by line for 10% of the data base. Additional
checks were performed by querying the minimum and maximum limits of all database variables to identify any
erroneous values. Assay and geologic records were checked by the modeling software to identify any
overlapping or inverted intervals. The cumulative results of the data checks showed that the original data entry
was 99.7% correct. All erroneous values were corrected, and the database is determined to be of high quality.
9.1.1 Site Visit
As discussed earlier, the QP was commissioned by 01930153 Ontario Limited, to prepare an updated Mineral
Resource model and technical report in accordance with NI 43-101. During this commission, the QP visited the
Project from July 31 to August 1, 2024, accompanied by representatives of Transition Metals.
The purpose of the site visit was to review the digitization of the exploration database and validation procedures,
review exploration procedures, define geological modelling procedures, examine drill core, interview project
personnel, and collect all relevant information supporting the preparation of the Mineral Resource Statement
presented herein.
At the time of the site visit, there was no drilling activity in the Fostung Project. Therefore, the QP was not able
observe practices being followed associated with drilling, logging, and sampling. However, the QP interviewed
the Transition Metals personnel responsible drilling data acquisition and sampling. SRK was also given access
to all the protocol documentation relevant to the exploration protocols.
During the site visit, an effort was made to locate historical and recent collars in the field to confirm their spatial
reference in the database. The QP visited on historical drill collar (3115-14) and five collars drilled in 2012 (21-
FT-01, 21-FT-02, 21-FT-03, 21-FT-05 and 21-FT-06). The collars were identified on the ground using handheld
GPS and matching with recorded location, as the collars were not marked with hole numbers. Additionally,
vandalized core from the 2021 Transition Metals program was visited and inspected (Figure 9-1). The QP
collected some pieces from the core dump for further inspection under UV light and independent verification
assay.
The QP also visited skarn and other outcrops to understand spatial correlation between the different rock-types,
intersected in the Fostung drilling. A visit to the ALS laboratory in Sudbury was made.
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Figure 9-1: Site Visit Activities and Field Verification
Notes: A: Typical landscape of the Project area. B: Vandalized core from the 2021 drilling program by Transition Metals. C: Historical collar
3115-14. D: Recent collar 21-FT-04.
The results from the verification samples collected by the QP during the site visit are summarised in Table 9-1.
Since there was no core available due to the vandalization described above, the QP collected two samples of
the leftover core pile to attempt to confirm the presence of mineralisation. The outcrop and core grab samples
confirm the presence of tungsten molybdenum, copper and silver mineralisation at the Project. The re-analysis
of pulp samples indicates that the samples can readily be reproduced; however, minor differences are noted
in the analysis of molybdenum which is likely attributed to the inherent variability of the mineralisation.
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Table 9-1: Assay Results for Verification Samples Collected SRK on the Fostung Project
Verification Assay Original Assay
Sample No. Type W
(%)
Mo
(ppm)
Cu
(ppm)
Ag
(ppm)
Sample
No.
W
(%)
Mo
(ppm)
Cu
(ppm)
Ag
(ppm)
D843251 Outcrop grab 0.44 227 1,175 8 N/A
D843252 Outcrop grab 0.01 38.1 198 1.37 N/A
D843253 Core pile 0.16 175.5 288 0.8 N/A
D843254 Core pile 0.49 53.1 1,465 1.74 N/A
D843255 Pulp 0.94 68.2 577 1.51 D842541 0.93 83 571 1.43
D843256 Pulp 0.77 72.4 388 0.98 D842565 0.76 86.2 379 0.93
9.1.2 Verifications of Historical Database and Analytical Methods
Verification methods employed by SRK in 2024 included cross-checking the historical database against
historical drill logs and assay certificates where available. SRK checked approximately 23% of the intervals
assays for scheelite and noted that 5% of the assays in the database did not match the assay certificates or
there was a mismatch between the historical drill log and the historical assay certificates. Given the reanalysis
of many of the intervals via various analytical methods, some of the mismatch intervals can be attributed to
these multiple analysis methods and the priority with which they were originally entered into the database.
The historical and more recent diamond drill core were analyzed using multiple methods. The historical
analytical methods are Neutron Activation, DC Plasma, Wet Chemical (gravimetric or colorimetric), XRF, and
some AAS for gold and silver. The recent 2021 drill core samples were analyzed by Inductively coupled plasma
atomic/optical emission spectroscopy (ICP), AAS, and XRF.
The digestion method for the historical samples was not noted but based on the finish the digestions would be
expected to be as follows, for Neutron Activation, no sample digestion, the sample pulp might have been
pressed. For DC Plasma, the pulverized sample must be digested using a combination of acids. For the XRF,
the samples were likely fused using lithium metaborate to form a glass disk that was then read on the XRF.
The digestion methods for the recent 2021 drill core samples are four acid digestion for the ICP results, and
the XRF results were read on lithium metaborate fused disks.
The QP is of the opinion that the historical results are acceptable for use based on the conclusions from the
2007 Technical Report. It should be noted that the quality and sensitivity of chemical instruments such as XRFs
and ICPs improve greatly over time. A direct comparison of historical and recent drill results would be expected
to differ solely based on those observations.
9.1.3 Verifications of Analytical Quality Control Data
This technical report reviews the analytical quality control measures implemented by Transition Metals in 2021.
To assess the accuracy and precision of analytical quality control data, SRK performs routine verifications.
Analytical quality control data typically comprises analyses from standard reference materials and blank
samples, and a variety of duplicate data. Time series plots are used during the analyses of data from reference
materials and blanks to identify extreme values (outliers) or trends that may indicate issues with the overall
data quality.
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SRK analysed the available analytical quality control data of the Fostung Project. Transition Metals provided
SRK with analytical control data containing the assay results for quality control data produced since 2021 on
the Fostung Project. All data was provided in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. SRK aggregated the assay results
of the analytical control samples for further analysis. Control samples (blanks and standards) are summarised
on time series plots. The analytical quality control data produced by Transition Metals on the Fostung Project
is summarised in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2: Summary of Analytical Quality Control Data Produced by Transition Metals on the Fostung
Project
QAQC Sample Core Percent Total Percent Comment
Sample Count 1,066 1,066
Blanks 47 4.41% 47 4.41%
QC samples 46 4.32% 46 4.32%
CRM 1 26 OREAS 700
CRM 2 20 OREAS 701
Pulp Replicates - - - 0.00%
Field Duplicates - - - 0.00%
Total QC Samples 93 8.72% 93 8.72%
In the 2021 assay results, tungsten was analysed by a four-acid digestion with ICP finish, and lithium
metaborate fusion with XRF finish. The quantile-quantile plot in Figure 9-2 demonstrates good agreement
between the results, with the XRF results generally showing higher values than the ICP results, particularly at
higher grades. This discrepancy is likely attributed to the digestion method; a four-acid digest is considered
near-total, while the fusion process used with the XRF finish is total.
Figure 9-2: Quantile-Quantile Plot of ICP vs. XRF Analysis of Tungsten at ALS
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Contamination assessment is done using date sequence performance charts from pulp and coarse blanks. The
threshold limits are ten times the lower detection limit reported by the laboratory.
A total of 47 blank samples were inserted during the 2021 drilling program. Blank samples were analysed at
the ALS Laboratories in Sudbury, Ontario and assay values exceeding ten times the detection limit was
considered a failure. The performance of the analytical results yielded below 10 times the detection limit with
some failure insertion error. The failures in blank samples may be concluded as insertion error of mislabeled
samples. An example of the blank quality control data plotted by SRK is shown in Figure 9-3.
Figure 9-3: Quality Control Plot for Blank Material Assayed for WO3 at ALS in 2021
Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were used by Transition Metals to monitor the analysis accuracy and
precision over time. The results of the certified reference material suggest grades are within the recommended
three standard deviation and are summarised in Table 9-3.
Table 9-3: Summary of Certified Reference Material Analysed on the Fostung Project in 2021
CRM Lab Element No.
Inserts
No.
Failures
Exp.
Value
Exp.
SD
Calc.
Mean
Failure Rate
(%)
OREAS 701 ALS
WO3 9 0 3.07 0.044 3.07 0
W 11 1 2.43 0.035 2.31 9
Mo 20 2 254 21.4 223 10
Cu 20 2 0.491 0.012 0.45 10
Ag 20 2 1.12 0.14 1.07 10
OREAS 700 ALS
WO3 16 1 1.42 0.031 1.52 6
W 10 0 1.13 0.025 1.12 0
Mo 26 1 81 7.5 88.5 4
Cu 26 7 0.202 0.007 0.23 27
Ag 26 3 0.499 0.075 0.57 12
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Two CRMs, sourced from Ore Research and Exploration Pty Ltd. (OREAS), OREAS 700 and OREAS 701,
were inserted during the 2021 drilling program. Accuracy was assessed in terms of the mean returned values
relative to the expected value and percentage of failures. CRM sample results were plotted on date-sequenced
performance charts (Figure 9-4, Figure 9-5, and Figure 9-6) to identify outliers and failures. During the accuracy
assessment, apparent errors, such as mislabeling of samples, were identified. In general, the performance of
the CRM samples for the 2021 core drilling samples analyzed at ALS is considered good.
Figure 9-4: Quality Control Plot for OREAS 701 Assayed for WO3 at ALS in 2021
Figure 9-5: Quality Control Plot for OREAS 701 Assayed for Mo at ALS in 2021
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Figure 9-6: Quality Control Plot for OREAS701 Assayed for W at ALS in 2021
9.2 Limitations
The reader is referred to Section 8.3.1 for details of data verification performed by SRK in preparation of the
2007 Technical Report issued by Golden Predator.
9.3 Opinion on Data Adequacy
The collar verification survey conducted by Transition Metals was able to locate only 21 out of 42 holes on the
ground. The comparison between original and resurveyed coordinate shows a difference up to 24 m in northing.
Therefore, similar differences in other collar locations, which could not be found on the ground, can be expected
and this introduces an uncertainty about sample locations.
The QP considers that caution be used for historical data collected prior to 2021 due to the limited or no quality
control data available. The performance of control samples analyzed by ALS, in 2024, is considered acceptable
despite some identified difficulties. Blanks typically returned values below ten times the detection limit, and the
standards performed reasonably well, with assay results generally within three times the standard deviation of
the certified or expected value. Most errors were attributed to quality control-related insertion errors, primarily
due to the swapping of blanks and CRMs.
The insertion of duplicate (field, coarse and pulp) and umpire samples were not part of the analytical quality
control program for the 2021 drill campaign. The QP recommends the inclusion of these quality control
measures in future analytical quality control programs as they assess the accuracy and reproducibility of the
primary laboratory. Additionally, the sequencing of quality control material insertion should be reviewed to
ensure blank samples are inserted immediately following mineralised samples and to ensure CRM samples
are inserted randomly. Increasing the insertion of all quality control reference samples to a minimum of 5% is
recommended.
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It is the QP’s opinion that the quality of the analytical data for scheelite, molybdenum, copper and silver have
limitations but are reasonably reliable to support Mineral Resource estimation in Inferred class. It is also the
QP’s opinion that sample preparation, analysis, and security, for the 2021 drilling, are generally performed in
accordance with exploration best practices and industry standards, and no material concern was found for
drilling prior to 2021.
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10 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
As described in the previous technical report on the Fostung property (SRK Consulting, 2007), Union Carbide
conducted preliminary metallurgical testing in 1981. The laboratory test results demonstrated a suitable
flowsheet for the recovery of scheelite from Fostung samples that included both flotation and gravity
concentrates.
Union Carbide collected and composited coarse core reject samples from six diamond core holes for a
preliminary metallurgical investigation. The composite sample was subjected to heavy liquid sink/float tests at
specific gravities of 2.96 and 2.70. At an SG of 2.96, tungsten recoveries of 92% was achieved to 56% of the
mass. Heavy liquid recovery efficiency declined for coarser grind sizes and further testwork was recommended.
The previous technical report included a constant 84% scheelite recovery that was proposed by Union Carbide
(Sulpetro) based on their experience in tungsten processing. SRK stated in their 2007 report that this value
was unsupported along with a lack of detail on the origin and representativity of the bulk sample.
Recently, Transition Metals submitted a sample to Steinert US for sorter testing (Steinert, 2021). Steinert
evaluated a combination of x-ray transmissive (XRT) and laser sensors to reject waste particles at a coarse
size (between 12 mm and 75 mm) in its laboratory in Kentucky, USA. Steinert is an independent laboratory.
10.1 Historical Testwork Results
A number of reports were issued by Union Carbide summarising the 1981 test program on Fostung samples.
Thirteen composite samples ranging in WO3 grade from 0.05% to 1.14% were collected with a Master
composite (“8MxD”) prepared of 0.16% WO3, 0.014% Mo, 0.038% Cu, 3% CaCO3 and 0.73% S that was the
main focus of investigation.
Two scheelite concentrates were produced (flotation and gravity) using the lab flowsheet shown in Figure 10-1.
Flotation results showed generally high WO3 recoveries but to low concentrate grades of <11% WO3.
A rougher flotation concentrate of 19% WO3 was produced at 84% recovery. Following upgrading using a
shaking table, sulphide flotation of the gravity concentrate generated a 37% WO3 concentrate at 89% recovery.
Issues noted in the Union Carbide reports included 15% WO3 losses to slimes. Testwork was recommended
at a coarser grind size, but sample mass limitations prevented other test conditions from being investigated.
10.2 Ore Sorting Testwork
Steinert US conducted a preliminary investigation on 60 kg of 12×75 mm material grading 0.18% WO3 provided
by Transition Metals for XRT/laser sensor testing (Steinert, 2021). Figure 10-2 shows the location of the test
sample in relation to the earlier 13 Union Carbide samples (legend showing labels Comp A through M).
The Steinert test protocol passed the sample through the sensors five times – each time a Select (concentrate)
was removed for weighing and assay and the remaining Unselect (tailings) was reprocessed. After five passes,
five Selects and one final Discard (waste) were generated. All samples were submitted to SGS Lakefield for
assays. Figure 10-3 shows the ten products with the Selects on the left and Unselects on the right, for the
successive test stages (Step 1 to 5).
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Figure 10-1: Union Carbide Test Flowsheet (Feed Sample “8MxD”)
Source: Union Carbide, 1981
Figure 10-2: Sample Location for Sorting Testwork
Source: SRK, 2026
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Assayed products are summarised in Table 10-1. The first pass, Step 1 Selects was over 1% WO3 with 54%
of the scheelite recovered. Successive runs selected lower grade particles with 96% of the scheelite recovered
to the five Selects: with a cumulative grade of 0.2% WO3.
Table 10-1: Fostung Sorter Test Results (12×75 mm fraction)
Setting Select
kg
Cum Mass
Recovery %
Cum Select
WO3 %
Cum WO3
Recovery%
Unselect
kg
Unselect WO3
%
Step 1 5.8 9.4 1.04 54.3 55.6 0.09
Step 2 4.8 17.3 0.68 64.7 50.8 0.08
Step 3 9.6 32.9 0.43 77.7 41.2 0.06
Step 4 19.6 64.8 0.25 88.3 21.6 0.06
Step 5 13.0 86.0 0.20 95.7 8.6 0.06
Source: Steinert, 2021
As the XRT sensor identifies particles of higher density (containing scheelite), these results demonstrated
significant potential for upgrading Fostung material using sensor sorting. From a feed sample of 0.18% WO3
(typical of the Fostung resource), 78% of the scheelite was recovered to 33% of the mass, at a grade of 0.43%
WO3 (Step 3 in Table 10-1).
Figure 10-3: Sorter Test Products (Step 1 to 5 from top to bottom)
Source: Steinert, 2021
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10.3 Assumed Metallurgical Performance
An estimate of scheelite recovery to a saleable tungsten concentrate was not demonstrated in the 1981 Union
Carbide testwork results. Typical saleable concentrates are >57% WO3 with historical testwork on Fostung
samples reporting 37% WO3 or less.
The Fostung average WO3 grade is considered low for typical tungsten processing, but the results from the
2021 Steinert testwork (conducted on one, 60 kg sample) show promise that an upgraded plant feed can be
generated using XRT/laser sorting. The Step 3 result shown in Table 10-1 suggests 67% of run-of-mine (ROM)
material can be rejected with 78% WO3 recovery. For the Mineral Resource estimate, it is assumed that ore
sorting will be done on all ROM material with this result.
To estimate the expected plant recovery on the upgraded 0.4% WO3 feed, a number of references were used
(Rao, 1994; Wheeler, 2013; AGP Mining, 2018) to generate an expected scheelite recovery versus WO3 head
grade relationship shown in Figure 10-4. Coincidentally, one of the references cited 76% plant recovery to a
68% WO3 concentrate (combination of gravity & flotation) on 0.4% head grade – which matches the sorted
product.
Figure 10-4: Scheelite Recovery for Low-Grade Samples
Source: SRK, 2026
10.4 Adequacy of Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
While an estimate of expected plant recovery has been provided for this Mineral Resource update, it is based
on project references and testing done on other lower grade scheelite samples. The preliminary work completed
by Union Carbide in 1981 did not achieve saleable grade WO3 concentrate; however, Sulpetro assumed it
could be achieved based on their scheelite processing experience.
In the Processing QP’s opinion, additional testwork is necessary to support the recovery assumption used in
this Mineral Resource update. At present, the assumed constant 59% WO3 overall recovery following sorter
upgrading is not well supported by Fostung sample testwork. It is strongly recommended this assumption be
reviewed and improved upon following the results of additional metallurgical testwork. Recommendations for
future testwork are outlined in Section 23.3.
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11 Mineral Resource Estimates
In 2024, SRK was commissioned by 01930153 Ontario Limited to update the Mineral Resource model for the
Fostung Project, including the data from 2021 drilling. 01930153 Ontario Limited intended to publish a NI 43-
101 technical report based on this updated Mineral Resource model and economic assumptions. Though SRK
concluded an internal update of the block model estimation for the Company, no Mineral Resources was
publicly disclosed. This current mineral model is based on the block model estimation, SRK carried out in 2024.
Section 11 herein describes the resource estimation methodology and summarises the key assumptions
considered by the QP. In the opinion of the QP, the resource evaluation reported herein is a reasonable
representation of the global tungsten Mineral Resources found in the Fostung Project at the current level of
sampling. The Mineral Resources have been estimated in conformity with generally accepted CIM Estimation
of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserves Best Practices Guidelines Mineral Resources are not mineral
reserves and have not demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the Mineral
Resource will be converted into mineral reserve.
The database used to estimate the Fostung Project Mineral Resources was audited by SRK. SRK is of the
opinion that the current drilling information is sufficiently reliable to interpret with confidence the boundaries for
the tungsten mineralisation and that the assay data are sufficiently reliable to support Mineral Resource
estimation. However, uncertainty related to the absence of appropriate levels of analytical QAQC practices for
the historical assay, poor sample security protocols, and limited validation of the historical drilling, has been
considered in the Mineral Resource classification by the QP.
Leapfrog Geo™ and Leapfrog Edge™ (version 2024.1.1) were used to construct the geological solids, perform
geostatistical analysis and variography, construct the block model, estimate metal grades, and tabulate mineral
resources.
11.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters, and Methods Used
• The Mineral Resource model prepared by QP considers 50 core boreholes drilled by Texas Gulf,
VanGulf, St. Joseph, Sulpetro, Novamin and Transition Metals during the period of 1966 to 2021.
• Historical drilling from pre-2000 was completed before the implementation of NI 43-101 with limited or
no information in terms core handling, sampling and quality control protocols available for QP review.
• Core from historical and recent Transition Metals drilling was unavailable for review. The QP considered
these limitations on drilling data verification during the Mineral Resource classification process.
• Mineralisation at the Fostung deposit is associated with disseminated skarn-type mineralisation, mainly
located within a steeply dipping southwest striking calcareous siltstone.
• The Fostung Project is a polymetallic deposit with associated copper, molybdenum and silver
mineralisation. SRK estimated the associated metals along with WO3 but did not report in the mineral
resources due to immaterially low grade.
• Prior to Transition Metals’ acquisition, there was no density data available for the Fostung Project.
Transition Metals collected specific gravity (SG) measurements from its 2021 drilling. There are a total
719 specific gravity measurement data available in the exploration database.
• Mineral Resources for the Fostung Project is classified as Inferred only.
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• The QP considers that the blocks located within the conceptual pit envelope show “reasonable
prospects for economic extraction” and can be reported as a Mineral Resource.
11.2 Resource Database
The Mineral Resource block model is estimated using core holes. Only 21 of the historical collars were recently
re-surveyed by Transition Metals, leaving 22 historical collars with lower confidence in location, with 11 of these
holes lacking downhole survey data. All final collar locations were reported in NAD 83, Zone 17N UTM
coordinates. The breakdown of available drilling data is summarised in Table 11-1. The effective date for the
database is December 31, 2021.
Table 11-1: Drillhole Database Used for Resource Estimation
Drilling 2007 2025 Change (%)
Number of Holes 44 50 14
Sum Length (m) 10,791 12,250 14
Minimum Length (m) 230 230 0
Maximum Length (m) 275 275 0
No. of WO3 Assay 2,326 3,392 46
Length of WO3 Assay (m) 3,426 4,490 31
Based on the QP’s site visit undertaken between July 31 and August 1, 2024, the QP believes that the drilling,
logging, core handling, and analytical quality control protocols used by Transition Metals in 2021 generally meet
accepted industry best practices. Historical drilling from pre-2000 was completed before the implementation of
NI 43-101 with limited or no information in terms core handling, sampling and quality control protocols available
for QP review. Core from historical and recent Transition Metals drilling was unavailable for review. The QP
considered these limitations on drilling data verification during the Mineral Resource classification process.
The Fostung exploration database did not contain topographic surface for the project area. Therefore, SRK
generated the topography from Ontario Digital Surface Model (derived from LiDAR), available on the Ontario
GeoHub website. The LiDAR data are available as point clouds with a horizontal resolution of 0.5 m.
11.3 Solid Body Modelling
Mineralisation at the Fostung deposit is associated with disseminated skarn-type mineralisation, mainly located
within a steeply dipping southwest striking calcareous siltstone. The mineralised zone is largely stratabound
with a strong structural control along the hanging wall of the Baseline Fault, which dips steeply towards the
northwest.
The mineralisation domain for the Fostung deposit was constructed by the QP in November 2024 considering
available assay data. Due to unavailability of a consistent database, no lithological or structural information was
integrated into the mineralisation model. A mineralisation threshold of 0.08% WO3 was selected based on an
assessment of assay data through spatial analysis, histograms and cumulative probability plots. Manual
refinements, including the inclusion of lower-grade intervals where appropriate, were performed to limit
artefacts and increase the continuity of the wireframe. An overview of the resultant estimation domain is
included in Table 11-2 and Figure 11-1. The mineralisation volume was assigned with a numerical domain code
of 100 and the volume outside the mineralisation with code of 99.
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Table 11-2: Summary of Domain Volumetrics
Description Domain Code Volume (cmt.)
0.08% WO3 Grade Domain 100 10,258,000
Figure 11-1: Three-Dimensional View of Estimation Domain (100)
Notes: The red volumes represent modelled mineralisation.
11.4 Assays, Compositing and Capping
Assays were composited to a length of 1.5 m, respecting domain boundaries. Residual length composites less
than or equal to 0.75 m were distributed equally to other composites belonging same drillhole. The QP reviewed
the assay length distributions in the resource databases and confirmed that the chosen composite length is
equal to or larger than 60% of the assay length distributions. This avoids unnecessarily breaking assays and
artificially inflating the number of composites for grade estimation. A summary of assay and composite statistics
is included in Table 11-3.
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Table 11-3: Summary of WO3 Assay Statistics
Domain Metal Raw (Length-weighted) 1.5 m Composites (Unweighted)
Length Count Min. Max. Mean SD* CV* Length Count Max. Mean SD* CV*
100
WO3 (%) 2,351 1,734 0.00 3.07 0.15 0.20 1.36 2,351 1,566 2.02 0.15 0.17 1.13
Mo (%) 2,349 1,734 0.00 0.55 0.01 0.02 2.55 2,351 1,566 0.54 0.01 0.02 2.37
Cu (%) 2,349 1,734 0.00 0.62 0.03 0.05 1.54 2,351 1,566 0.40 0.03 0.05 1.36
Ag (ppm) 2,351 1,734 0.00 68.57 1.91 5.02 2.63 2,351 1,566 55.41 1.91 4.58 2.39
999
WO3 (%) 7,944 2,051 0.00 2.75 0.01 0.07 5.19 7,944 5,293 2.02 0.01 0.06 4.14
Mo (%) 7,944 2,051 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.01 4.24 7,944 5,293 0.31 0.00 0.01 3.70
Cu (%) 7,944 2,051 0.00 0.42 0.01 0.02 3.27 7,944 5,293 0.41 0.01 0.02 2.90
Ag (ppm) 7,944 2,051 0.00 81.94 0.36 2.37 6.66 7,944 5,293 81.94 0.36 2.16 6.06
* SD = Standard Deviation; CV = Coefficient of Variation
To limit the influence of high-grade outliers during grade estimation, it is common to cap the data prior to
estimation. The composited data was reviewed to identify any potential outliers and assess the need to cap the
data. Capping analysis consisted of a combination of histograms, probability plots, and capping sensitivity plots.
A summary of the selected cap values and statistical impact is tabulated in Table 11-4.
Table 11-4: Summary of Capped Composite Statistics
Domain Metal Count
Capped
1.5 m Capped Composites Capping Impact
Max. Mean SD* CV* Mean (%) CV* (%)
100
WO3 (%) - 2.02 0.15 0.17 1.13 0.0 0.0
Mo (%) 8 0.11 0.01 0.01 1.56 -6.2 -34.1
Cu (%) - 0.40 0.03 0.05 1.36 0.0 0.0
Ag (ppm) - 55.41 1.91 4.58 2.39 0.0 0.0
999
WO3 (%) 14 0.40 0.01 0.04 3.02 -8.3 -27.0
Mo (%) 18 0.06 0.01 0.01 2.29 -10.7 -38.0
Cu (%) 17 0.12 0.01 0.02 2.45 -5.0 -15.4
Ag (ppm) 28 8.00 0.28 0.93 3.33 -21.3 -45.1
* SD = Standard Deviation; CV = Coefficient of Variation
11.5 Variography
Variograms were modeled separately for WO3, molybdenum and silver within each domain (Table 11-5).
Variograms were not modeled for copper as the variogram interpretation was challenging due to the lack of
data available. Instead, the copper variogram assumed the tungsten model given their close mineral
association. The modelled for WO3 is presented in Figure 11-2.
Table 11-5: Summary of Tungsten, Molybdenum and Silver Variogram Models
Metal Leapfrog Angles Nugget Structure 1 Structure 2
Dip Dip Azi. Pitch Sill Major Int. Minor Sill Major Int. Minor
Ag 70 325 145 0.2 0.5 60 60 5 0.3 130 95 12
Mo 70 325 140 0.1 0.7 40 35 4 0.2 90 60 12
WO3 70 325 150 0.25 0.5 70 60 4 0.25 120 100 15
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Figure 11-2: Correlogram for WO3 in Domain 100
11.6 Block Model and Grade Estimation
The block model definitions for the Fostung Project model are provided in Table 11-6. The block model was
flagged by domain and was clipped to the topography, created from LiDAR data.
Table 11-6: Block Model Definitions
Axis Block Size
(m)
Origin
(m) Number of Cells Rotation
X 10 452,899 3,580
Y 20 5,120,008 3,640
Z 5 486 1,120 230
WO3, molybdenum, copper, and silver grades were estimated using Ordinary Kriging (OK). The general
estimation strategy involves up to three estimation passes with progressively relaxed search ellipsoids and
data requirements (Table 11-7). Search distances were generally based on the ranges derived from the
variogram analysis. The second pass search ranges are two times that of the first pass.
Block estimates in waste for WO3, molybdenum, copper and silver grades and specific gravity were estimated
using Inverse Distance to the power of two (ID2).
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Table 11-7: Summary of Estimation Parameters
Domains Variable Est.
Pass
Est.
Method
No. Data Max
Comps /
Hole
Search
Type
Search Ellipse (m)
Min. Max. Major Int. Minor
100
WO3 1 OK 6 12 5 ellipsoid 60 50 10
2 OK 4 20 5 120 100 15
Mo 1 OK 6 12 5 ellipsoid 45 30 10
2 OK 4 20 5 90 60 12
Cu 1 OK 6 12 5 ellipsoid 60 50 10
2 OK 4 20 5 120 100 15
Ag 1 OK 6 12 5 ellipsoid 65 45 10
2 OK 4 20 5 130 95 12
SG 1 ID2 5 12 isotropic 100 100 100
999 WO3, Mo, Cu, Ag 1 ID2 4 20 ellipsoid 60 50 15
11.7 Model Validation and Sensitivity
The block models were validated using a combination of visual and statistical checks. A statistical comparison
of the average WO3, molybdenum, silver and copper OK grades to alternate estimators, such as ID2 and
Nearest Neighbour (NN) was reviewed (Table 11-8). SRK reviewed these statistics. The differences across the
various estimators generally ranged within +/- 6%.
Table 11-8: Comparison of Alternate Grade Estimators
Variable OK ID2 NN OK/NN ID/NN
WO3 0.138 0.136 0.141 -2% -4%
Mo 0.007 0.007 0.007 -4% -3%
Ag 1.673 1.688 1.781 -6% -5%
Cu 0.031 0.031 0.031 -1% -1%
Figure 11-3 shows the sectional comparisons of the estimated WO3 grades against the nearby composite data.
SRK reviewed the block models on section and planar views against informing data and confirmed that the
estimated grades show good correspondence to nearby composites.
Swath plots were also generated for the various block models. Figure 11-4 shows the (Easting) Y (Northing)
direction swath plots. As expected, the various estimation approaches yield similar grade trends, particularly in
areas of high data density, and departures are observed in areas of sparse data coverage.
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Figure 11-3: Cross Section Comparing Block Model WO3 Grades to Composites
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Figure 11-4: Swath Plots Comparing OK and NN Estimated WO3 Grades
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11.8 Mineral Resource Classification
SRK classified the block model quantities and grade estimates for the Fostung Project as Inferred.
Under SEC regulations (specifically 17 CFR § 229.1300), an Inferred Mineral Resource is defined as
“.. part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on
the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological
uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant
technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction
in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral
resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which
prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of
economic viability, an inferred mineral resource may not be considered when
assessing the economic viability of a mining project, and may not be converted to a
mineral reserve.”
Mineral Resource classification is typically a subjective concept. Industry best practices suggest that
resource classification should consider the confidence in the geological continuity of the mineralised
structures, the quality and quantity of exploration data supporting the estimates, and the geostatistical
confidence in the tonnage and grade estimates. Appropriate classification criteria should aim at
integrating these concepts to delineate regular areas at similar resource classification.
The block classification strategy considers drillhole spacing, presence of appropriate quality control
practices, and geological confidence. In general, the criteria used to classify Fostung Project blocks
was as follows:
• Inferred: Estimated with an average distance to three holes of 85 m, corresponding to 60 m
of nominal drillhole spacing.
• Manual smoothing was performed to eliminate isolated blocks in the final estimation. All other
blocks were left unclassified. The classification approach also considered inadequate
information on historical drilling, sampling and quality control practices, unavailability of drill
cores, reflecting insufficient sample security protocols. Consequently, no attempt was made
to classify any estimated volume in Indicated or Measured classes. An overview of classified
blocks are shown in Figure 11-5.
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Figure 11-5: Longitudinal View of Classified Blocks
11.9 Uncertainty
The Mineral Resource estimate for the Fostung Project is informed primarily by core holes, the
majority of which were drilled between 1966 and 1986. Though the recent drilling by Transition Metals
confirmed tungsten mineralisation in the project, the quality and location of sample data associated
with pre-2021 holes remain doubtful. As with any project with legacy data and several exploration
campaigns, the Fostung Project carries the following uncertainties:
• All the collar positions cannot be independently verified on the ground and have not been
surveyed via modern survey methods. Limited downhole survey data also influence the
accuracy sample location.
• No core is available, even from 2021 drilling, for validation, comparison, or review against
logs.
• During its validation, SRK found inconsistencies in assay records with respect to the
certificates. For the drilling between 1966 and 1986, limited or no information is available on
sample preparation and analytical QAQC practices.
• Geological data collection was inconsistent between drilling campaigns. Due to the lack of
availability of appropriate level of data, the current tungsten mineralisation model is only
constrained by lithology.
• Limited metallurgical recovery data and information.
• Metal pricing was considered on the base case from Fastmarkets market study conducted
for UAMY (2026). This pricing assumes an ammonium paratungstate (APT) price in MTU as
proxy for 65% WO3 concentrate. The production of this type of product from the material at the
Fostung Project has not been demonstrated. SRK considered a 75% payability to account
uncertainty related concentrate grade and any smelter penalties.
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All these uncertainties were considered into the Mineral Resource classification. In QP’s opinion,
further exploration activities, as recommended in section 23, will help increasing confidence in the
mineral resource estimate and so on the classification.
11.10 Multiple Commodity Resource
Historically, the Fostung Project has been explored as a tungsten deposit with associated
mineralisation of molybdenum, silver, and copper. Though SRK estimated the associated metals,
only WO3 is included in the current Mineral Resource Statement as any economic contribution other
metals is yet to be established.
11.11 Mineral Resource Statement
SEC regulations (specifically 17 CFR § 229.1300) define a Mineral Resource as follows:
“Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the
Earth's crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for
economic extraction. A Mineral Resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralisation, taking into
account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that,
with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part,
become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralisation drilled or
sampled.”
The “reasonable prospects for economic extraction” requirement generally implies that the quantity
and grade estimates meet certain economic thresholds and that the mineral resources are reported
at an appropriate cut-off grade that takes into account extraction scenarios and processing
recoveries. In order to meet this requirement, SRK considers that major portions of the Fostung
deposit are amenable for open pit extraction.
In order to determine the quantities of material offering “reasonable prospects for economic
extraction” by an open pit, the QP used a pit optimizer and reasonable mining assumptions to
evaluate the proportions of the block model (Inferred blocks) that could be “reasonably expected” to
be mined from an open pit.
The optimization parameters were selected based on experience and benchmarking against similar
projects (Table 11-9). A market study was provided by Fastmarkets and is relied upon for WO3 price
assumptions supporting assumptions regarding metal price. The reader is cautioned that the results
from the pit optimization are used solely for the purpose of testing the “reasonable prospects for
economic extraction” by an open pit and do not represent an attempt to estimate mineral reserves.
There are no mineral reserves on the Fostung Project. The results are used as a guide to assist in
the preparation of a Mineral Resource Statement and to select an appropriate Mineral Resource
reporting cut-off grade. The Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off grade of 0.08% WO3
(Table 11-9).
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Table 11-9: Assumptions Considered for Conceptual Open Pit Optimization
Parameter Unit Value
WO3 price (APT) US$ per mtu 500
Payability percent 75
Exchange rate US$/C$ 1.35
Mining cost US$ per tonne mined 3
Sorting Cost US$ per tonne feed ore 5
Processing US$ per tonne sorted ore 20
General and administrative US$ per tonne of feed 5
Concentrate Transport Cost C$ per wet tonne of concentrate 135
Mining dilution percent 0
Mining loss percent 0
Overall pit slope degrees 50
WO3 process recovery percent 59
WO3 concentrate grade Percent WO3 65
Sorting Yield percent 33
In situ cut-off grade percent 0.08
The QP considers that the blocks located within the conceptual pit envelope show “reasonable
prospects for economic extraction” and can be reported as a Mineral Resource. However, it is to be
noted that the economic parameters considered that Fostung can produce industry standard 65%
WO3 concentrate, which has not been demonstrated yet.
Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There
is no certainty that all or any part of the Mineral Resources will be converted into mineral reserves.
The QP is unaware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing,
and political or other relevant issues that may materially affect the Mineral Resources.
The Mineral Resource Statement for the Fostung Tungsten Project is presented in Table 11-10.
Table 11-10: Fostung Project Summary Mineral Resources, SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc.,
January 31, 2026
Category Quantity Grade Metal
WO3 WO3
000’ Tonne % 000’ lb
Measured - - -
Indicated - - -
Measured + Indicated - - -
Inferred 14,707 0.17 54,005
Mineral Resources are reported within a conceptual pit shell. Mineral Resources
are not mineral reserves and have not demonstrated economic viability. All figures
are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimate. All composites have
been capped where appropriate. Open pit Mineral Resources are reported at a
cut-off grade of 0.08% WO3. Cut-off grades are based on a price of US$500 per
metric tonne unit of WO3 with 75% payability and WO3 recoveries of 59% with
33% of sorting yield, without considering revenues from other metals.
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The Mineral Resources of the Fostung Project are sensitive to the selection of the reporting cut-off
grade. To illustrate this sensitivity, the block model quantities and grade estimates within the
conceptual pit used to constrain the Mineral Resources are presented in Table 11-11 at different cut-off grades.
The reader is cautioned that the figures presented in this table should not be misconstrued with a
Mineral Resource Statement. The figures are only presented to show the sensitivity of the block
model estimates to the selection of cut-off grade. Figure 11-6 represents this sensitivity as a grade
tonnage curve.
Table 11-11: Global Block Model Quantities and Grade Estimates*, Fostung Project at Various
Cut-off Grades
Cut-off Grade Quantity Grade Metal Content
WO3 (%) 000 tonnes WO3 (%) 000 lb
0 15,847 0.16 55,615
0.05 15,667 0.16 55,489
0.07 15,276 0.16 54,956
0.09 14,707 0.17 54,005
0.1 12,934 0.18 50,462
0.12 10,763 0.19 45,210
0.15 7,536 0.21 35,632
0.17 5,630 0.23 28,940
0.2 3,559 0.26 20,529
0.25 1,575 0.31 10,777
* The reader is cautioned that the figures in this table should not be misconstrued
with a Mineral Resource Statement. The figures are only presented to show the
sensitivity of the block model estimates to the selection of a cut-off grade.
Figure 11-6: Grade Tonnage Curve for the Fostung Project
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12 Mineral Reserve Estimates
No mineral reserves have been established for the Fostung Project given the current level of
exploration and study.
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13 Mining Methods
As no mineral reserves have been established for this project given the current level of exploration
and study, there is no detailed analysis of mining methodology contemplated. The definition of
reasonable potential for economic extraction currently considers an open-pit mode of extraction with
very generalized parameters.
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14 Processing and Recovery Methods
No mineral reserves have been established for the Fostung Project given the current level of
exploration and study. As such, no detailed studies have been conducted relevant to processing or
recovery methods.
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15 Infrastructure
No additional studies have been undertaken on potential project infrastructure.
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16 Market Studies
Fastmarkets was engaged as the independent provider of tungsten pricing assumptions and market
intelligence for this study. A report titled “Tungsten Commentary (January 2026)”, prepared by
Fastmarkets for UAMY provides the current and forward-looking pricing framework for APT,
establishing a base case of US$450–US$500/mtu for use in cut-off grade determinations and pit
optimization work as described in this report.
The QP relied on this pricing guidance to inform the preparation of this S-K 1300 Technical Report
Summary and to support market-based assumptions within the Mineral Resource evaluation. The
content of this section has been excerpted in its entirety from the January 2026 Fastmarkets report,
“Tungsten Commentary (January 2026)”.
16.1 Tungsten Market Overview
Tungsten was first isolated in 1783 by Spanish chemists and mineralogists Juan José and Fausto
Elhuyar. However, it wasn’t until 1855–1857 that Austrian engineer Robert Oxland patented a
process for producing tungsten steel. Oxland’s innovation paved the way for the first industrialized
applications. In the early 1920s, the German electrical bulb manufacturer Osram developed tungsten
carbide by heating tungsten (also known as “wolfram”), carbon, and hydrogen at 1,400–1,600°C. The
result was the second-hardest material on Earth after diamond. Initially used as a filament in light
bulbs, German engineers soon exploited tungsten’s remarkable resistance to heat and wear for
military purposes, producing artillery shells and armour plating for the famous Panzer tanks. This
metallurgical advantage was one of the contributing factors to German military superiority in the early
years of the Second World War. Since then, defense and later the automotive industry became major
consumers of tungsten with price spikes during big conflicts like the Korean War.
To understand today’s tungsten market, it is necessary to revisit 2011. The Fanya Metal Exchange
(2011–2015) disrupted global pricing by positioning itself as a financial platform for speculative retail
investors in China. The exchange accumulated massive stocks of minor metals, including tungsten.
Its collapse was inevitable once it was revealed to be a Ponzi scheme. When Chinese authorities
and lenders took control of Fanya’s inventory, they began liquidating stockpiles into the market,
causing years of oversupply in several niche metals, tungsten among them. Since that episode,
tungsten prices stabilized in the $200–300/mtu APT range until 2025.
China represents approximately 82% of the global mine supply, producing 67kt out of 81kt
(Figure 16-1). Outside China, supply remains limited and faces significant challenges. Western
projects often fail to achieve consistent production or profitability. Recycling contributes around 20kt
annually, helping to alleviate supply pressures. Nevertheless, the Western tungsten industry has
been severely weakened by decades of low prices and dominant Chinese control. Chinese supply is
dominated by China Minmetals, Xiamen Tungsten, and CMOC, most of which are state-owned
enterprises (SOEs) that adhere to mining quotas set by the central government. Production is
concentrated in Jiangxi, Hunan, and Henan provinces. At $300/mtu price levels, new projects were
not economically viable, and even established operations were struggling to remain operational.
Outside China, only a few mines continue to operate, with Nui Phao in Vietnam being a notable
example.
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Figure 16-1: Tungsten Production and Reserves
Source: United States Geological Survey
16.1.1 Tungsten End Use
Tungsten’s exceptional characteristics—including extreme hardness, density, and a melting point
exceeding 3000ºC—make it difficult to replace. Notable niche uses include tungsten hexafluoride
(WF₆) gas for semiconductor manufacturing and pure tungsten in hypersonic weapons and
M1 Abrams tank armour.
• Tungsten Carbides (65%): Used in drilling, construction, automotive, and metalworking tools.
• Steel and Superalloys (14%): Ferro tungsten serves as a key additive in superalloys, used in
jet engines and power generation.
• Tungsten Metal Products (12%): Applied in electrical contacts, welding electrodes,
ammunition, and pure sheets designed for high-temperature applications.
• Chemicals and Others (9%): Mainly used as catalysts.
Figure 16-2: Tungsten Deman by End-Use
Source: International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA)
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16.1.2 Recent Market Trends
Despite broader commodity rallies, tungsten prices have experienced only modest increases. This is
largely due to persistent oversupply from China and weak project economics in Western markets,
which have hindered significant price recovery. Demand primarily comes from downstream sectors
such as construction, metalworking, mining, and oil and gas drilling through tungsten carbides.
Although military applications are often highlighted, they account for only about 10% of demand, and
the use of molybdenum as a substitute has lessened tungsten's critical role in defense.
The market experienced a significant shift in late 2024 when traders began speculating that China
was preparing to impose export restrictions on tungsten products, similar to previous measures on
other critical metals like antimony. This speculation pushed prices sharply from $300–$350/mtu. In
February 2025, China confirmed the restrictions, causing a global shortage by tightening export
controls on tungsten, molybdenum, tellurium, bismuth, and indium, requiring export licenses and
increasing bureaucratic hurdles. Officially described as efforts for resource conservation and
industrial upgrading, this policy change coincided with escalating U.S.–China geopolitical tensions.
The controls disrupted the market immediately, creating severe procurement difficulties for major
importers including the U.S., EU, Japan, and South Korea. The disruption led to rationed inventories
and significant upheaval in the global supply chain.
In July 2024, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) granted US$6.2 million under Title III of the
Defense Production Act (DPA) to Guardian Metal Resources for a pre-feasibility study on a domestic
tungsten mining initiative. Additionally, Canada’s Fireweed Metals received $15.8 million from the
DoD to advance the feasibility of its Mactung project, while the Sangdong mine in South Korea,
operated by Almonty Industries, is being reopened under U.S. offtake agreements that include
strategic floor pricing. Increased domestic demand and delays in Chinese export license approvals
have significantly reduced exports since April, tightening supplies in international markets and driving
price increases Boosting production outside China appears challenging. The only short-term new
supply is from the Sangdong mine in South Korea, which recently started mining and plans to
increase output throughout the year. Its nameplate capacity is 2,300 tons, with plans to eventually
double production after 2027. EQ Reources is restarting the Mt. Carbide mine in Australia, adding an
extra 2,000 tons this year to the 2,000 tons produced at Saloro in Spain. In the longer term, the
Tyrnyauz project in Russia is expected to supply over 4,000 tons, but production is not anticipated
until 2028.
16.2 Tungsten Price Outlook
Predicting exact prices is difficult given the complex and volatile market environment. As a result,
Fastmarkets has taken a conservative stance in its asset valuation, using a range of realistic
assumptions for tungsten prices.
16.2.1 Key Considerations
• Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) remains the main traded product, accounting for about 85%
WO3. There is no significant market for concentrates, complicating offtake agreements.
Traditionally, miners receive around 75% of APT value for their concentrates.
• A grade of 0.25% WO3 yields roughly $40/t NSR at $300/mtu, assuming 75% metallurgical
recovery and 75% payability. Tungsten ores (wolframite and scheelite) are brittle, which
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results in higher ore losses, lower recoveries, and poor project economics. Prices must
increase significantly to make projects viable.
• Current prices close to $1,000 (Figure 16-3) are unsustainable, as even Western producers
are earning windfall profits. Cost curves show that the 90th percentile all-in sustaining cost
(AISC) is around $700/mtu, meaning producers are generally enjoying strong returns and
some producers are gaining windfall profits as most production sits between $300 and
$400/mtu. Fastmarkets expects supply to respond by 2027, as Chinese production replaces
lost capacity and Western sources such as Mt. Carbide and Sangdong come online.
• Fastmarkets contacts in the market report that buyers and traders consistently mention a
severe shortage of material. The market is extremely tight, with China expanding downstream
capacity in tool manufacturing and other segments like semiconductors, while Western
governments boost defense budgets, creating price-insensitive demand.
16.2.2 Recommended Price
For these reasons, Fastmarkets anticipates Western APT prices will remain elevated, above $900–
$1,000/mtu, throughout this year, followed by a gradual decline as supply ramps up from Mt. Carbide,
Sangdong, some Chinese production, and eventually Russia around 2028. Fastmaket base case
expects prices to stabilize around $450–$500/mtu. This scenario balances the structural constraints
of Western mines with China’s strategic market control and assumes a slight easing of Chinese
restrictions, some internal supply discipline, and moderate global demand growth. The lack of
successful Western projects suggests that supply outside China is unlikely to grow significantly,
limiting the potential for prices to fall below $400/mtu.
Figure 16-3: Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) Pricing
Source: Fastmarkets
16.3 Contracts and Status
Given the status, as in an exploration stage, of the Fostung Project, there are no contracts in place
at this moment.
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17 Environmental Studies, Permitting, and Plans,
Negotiations, or Agreements with Local Individuals
or Groups
No studies have been done with respect to these items at this time given the early stage of
exploration, historical nature of the data, and current level of study.
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18 Capital and Operating Costs
No mineral reserves have been established for the Fostung Project given the current level of
exploration and study. As such, no capital and operating costs have been studied or assumed for
this report.
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19 Economic Analysis
No mineral reserves have been established for the Fostung Project given the current level of
exploration and study. As such, no economic analysis has been conducted or assumed for this report
beyond the conceptual definition of RPEEE for the resource disclosure.
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20 Adjacent Properties
There are no properties adjacent to the Fostung Project as illustrated in a regional compilation map
of exploration properties (Figure 20-1).
Figure 20-1: Adjacent Properties
Source: MNDM 2025
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21 Other Relevant Data and Information
There are currently no identified other relevant data or information available that will impact the
Fostung Project.
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22 Interpretation and Conclusions
Historical exploration activity completed on the Fostung Project dates to early prospecting completed
before 1966. Exploration activities by formal operators of the Project occurred by various companies
between 1966 and 2024. These activities included prospecting, geological mapping, geophysical
surveys, core drilling and trenching.
A total of 50 core holes (10,295 m) have been drilled on the Fostung Project between 1966 and 2021,
including six holes (1,110 m) performed by Transition Metals. In the opinion of the QP, Transition
Metals personnel used care in the collection and management of the assay data. After acquisition,
UAMY has not undertaken any exploration activity in the Fostung Project. The quality of the analytical
data for scheelite, molybdenum, copper and silver are sufficiently reliable to support Mineral
Resource estimation.
SRK constructed the geological solids using a threshold of 0.08% WO3. SRK constructed a block
model using a conventional geostatistical block modeling approach constrained by the domains. The
block model was populated with WO3, molybdenum, copper and silver values estimated by ordinary
kriging information from capped composited data and estimation parameters derived from
variography. After verification and validation, block estimates were classified considering the drillhole
spacing, geologic confidence and continuity of category. The QP considers that there are no
Indicated or Measured blocks. All blocks estimated within 85 m from two core holes were classified
as Inferred. SRK estimated the associated molybdenum, copper and silver but did not report in the
Mineral Resources due to immaterially low grade.
22.1 Opportunity
The 2011 VTEM geophysical survey demonstrated that some of the TMI anomalies are aligned with
tungsten mineralisation in the property. The TMI anomaly continues further south-west and should
be tested by trenching and drilling.
22.2 Project Risks
• The QP considers that caution be used for historical data collected prior to 2021 due to the
limited quality control data available. The performance of control samples analyzed by ALS
is considered acceptable despite some identified difficulties. Blanks typically returned values
below ten times the detection limit, and the standards performed reasonably well, with assay
results generally within three times the standard deviation of the certified or expected value.
Most errors were attributed to quality control-related insertion errors, primarily due to the
swapping of blanks and CRMs.
• There remains a material risk associated with the sample location. All the collar positions
cannot be independently verified on the ground and have not been surveyed via modern
survey methods. Limited downhole survey data also influence the accuracy sample location.
• The expected plant recovery has been provided for this Mineral Resource update, is based
on project references and testing done on other lower grade scheelite samples. The
preliminary work completed by Union Carbide in 1981 did not achieve saleable grade WO3
concentrate; however, Sulpetro assumed it could be achieved based on their scheelite
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processing experience. At present, the assumed constant 59% WO3 overall recovery
following sorter upgrading is not well supported by Fostung sample testwork.
• Pricing for tungsten related products is highly variable and can be strongly dependent on
market conditions as well as the type of product contemplated. Recent metal price
fluctuations, as noted in Section 15, demonstrates potential risk to Mineral Resource. Metal
pricing was considered on the base case from Fastmarkets market study conducted for
UAMY (2026). This pricing assumes an APT price in MTU as proxy for 65% WO3 concentrate.
The production of this type of product from the material at the Fostung Project has not been
demonstrated.
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23 Recommendations
To advance the Fostung Project to a preliminary economic assessment-level of study or scoping
study, SRK estimates additional technical work is required, including trenching, surface mapping,
additional drilling and metallurgical test work. Further, the geological setting, character of the
polymetallic mineralisation and the exploration results to date are of sufficient merit to justify
continued exploration and technical study expenditures to delineate additional mineral resources.
23.1 Drilling
The Fostung Project requires in-fill drilling to address issues identified by the QP in this report.
Additional drilling, accompanied by industry best-practice guidelines related to drilling, sampling and
analysis will improve confidence in Mineral Resource estimates and classification. Additional drilling
would also provide geological information to improve the interpretation and modelling of
mineralisation. This drilling program should attempt to twin some of the historical holes to increase
confidence in the data generated during 1966 to 1986. In QPs opinion, the additional in-fill drilling will
generate data to support conversion of the Inferred into higher class of Mineral Resources.
The 2011 VTEM geophysical survey demonstrated that some of the TMI anomalies are aligned with
tungsten mineralisation in the property. The TMI anomaly continues further south-west and need to
be tested by trenching and drilling.
A proposed exploration drilling program includes the following:
• Conduct trenching and systematic mapping and sampling.
• Conduct infill, definition, and step-out drilling to expand the current Mineral Resource.
• SRK recommends twinning at least 25% of the historical drillholes (approximately 2,500 m)
covering the entire deposit.
• Carry out additional in-fill drilling of 3,000 m.
• Continue regional exploration, including trenching/pitting and core drilling, to test geophysical
anomalies along strike of the Fostung Project mineralisation. SRK estimates approximately
3,000 m of drilling to test geophysical anomalies.
• Collect basic geotechnical information, including RQD, necessary for future pit slope designs.
• Implement best practice guidelines, as suggested by International Codes, in all aspects of
drilling/exploration data generation.
23.2 Sampling and Analysis
The insertion of duplicate (field, coarse and pulp) and umpired samples were not part of the analytical
quality control program for the 2021 drill campaign. The QP recommends the inclusion of these
quality control measures in future analytical quality control programs as they assess the accuracy
and reproducibility of the primary laboratory. Additionally, the sequencing of quality control material
insertion should be reviewed to ensure blank samples are inserted immediately following mineralised
samples and to ensure CRM samples are inserted randomly. Increasing the insertion of all quality
control reference samples to a minimum of 5% is recommended.
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The lack of effective security of retained core for Transition Metals’ 2021 drilling program resulted in
the loss of valuable data. It is strongly suggested that future core storage security be improved to
include a secure, covered structure on privately accessed property.
23.3 Metallurgical Testwork
While an estimate of expected plant recovery has been provided for this mineral resource update, it
is based on project references and testing done on other lower-grade scheelite samples. The
preliminary work completed by Union Carbide in 1981 did not achieve saleable grade WO3
concentrate, however, Sulpetro assumed it could be achieved based on their scheelite processing
experience.
In the Processing QP’s opinion, additional testwork is necessary to support the recovery assumption
used in this mineral resource update. This includes:
• Additional sensor sorting evaluation on a number of other samples to confirm the single
Steinert test result; this includes better representation of the particle size suitable for sorting
and estimation fine fraction that would bypass particle sorters (e.g. -12 mm).
• Comminution testing to estimate power requirements for crushing and grinding.
• Flotation testing to determine optimal grind size, slimes losses and expected flotation
concentrate recovery and grades.
• Minor element analysis of flotation concentrate to identify any impurities at penalty levels.
• Gravity recovery testing using centrifugal concentrators and/or shaking tables to determine
optimal grind size and expected gravity concentrate recovery and grades.
At present, the assumed constant 59% WO3 overall recovery following sorter upgrading is not well
supported by Fostung sample testwork. It is strongly recommended that this assumption be reviewed
and improved upon following the results of additional metallurgical testwork.
23.4 Recommended Work Program Costs
The total cost of the work program is estimated at US$4,000,000. Table 23-1 summarises the costs
for recommended work programs.
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Table 23-1: Summary of Costs for Recommended Work
Discipline Program Description Cost (US$)
Ownership and Legal 200,000
In-fill and Step-out Drilling Around 8,000 m of drilling, sampling and
sample analysis
2,500,000
Mineral Resource Model Update Updating Mineral Resource model based on
new drilling data
100,000
Geotechnical Studies 150,000
Geohydrological Studies 150,000
Metallurgical Testwork Variability testing on a range of sample
grades/domains investigating XRT sorting,
gravity and flotation recovery to a saleable
WO3 product
100,000
Environmental Studies, Permitting,
and Plans 100,000
Miscellaneous 200,000
Preliminary Economic Assessment 500,000
Total 4,000,000
The QPs are unaware of any other significant factors and risks that may affect access, title, or the
right or ability to perform the exploration work recommended for the Fostung Project.
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24 References
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Estimate for the BK Zone of the Fox Tungsten Project British Columbia, Prepared for Happy Creek
Minerals Ltd., 9 April 2018.
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Mines.
Card, K.D., (1978), Metamorphism of the Middle Precambrian (Aphebian) rocks of the Eastern
Sudbury Province: in, Metamorphism in the Canadian Shield, Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 78-10, pp.
269-282.
Card, K.D., and Pattison, E.F., (1973), Nipissing Diabase of the Southern Province, Ontario, in
Young, G.M., ed, Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Geological Association of Canada,
Special Paper No. 12, pp. 7-30.
Card, K.D., Innes, D.C., and Debicki, R.L., (1977), Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Petrology of the
Huronian Supergroup – Sudbury-Espanola: Ontario Div. Mines, Geosci. Study 16, 99p.
Davidson, A., and van Breemen, O., (1988), Baddeleyite-zircon relationships in coronitic
metagabbro, Grenville Province, Ontario: implications for geochronology: in, Contr. Miner. and Petro.,
vol.100, no.3, pp.291-299.
Dickin, A.P., (2004), Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic crustal growth in the eastern Grenville
Province: ND isotope evidence from the Long Range inlier of the Appalachian orogen: in, Tollo, R.P.,
Corriveau, L., McLelland, J.M., Bartholomew, J.M., eds., Proterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the
Grenville Orogen in North America: Geol. Soc.Amer. Memoir 197, pp. 495-504.
Ginn, R.M., and Beecham, A.W., (1986), The Fostung scheelite deposit, Espanola, Ontario: Can.
Geol. Jour. CIM, vol.1 , no. 1, pp.46-54 [Supplants identical 1984 delivered paper].
Green, C.J., Lederer, G.W., Parks, H.L., and Zientek, M. (2020), The Grade and Tonnage Model for
Tungsten Skarn Deposits – 2020 Update, United States Geological Survey.
Olynyk, E.S., (1982), A scheelite-bearing tungsten skarn in the Espanola Formation of the Huronian
Supergroup: unpub. B.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, 66 p.
Rao G.M., (1994), Beneficiation of Very Lean Grade Tungsten Ores - A Challenge to R&D Scientists,
Pre-print 94-8, SME Annual Meeting Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 14-17, 1994
Scratch, R., (1982), Review of Breccia Hill, Fostung Property, Project 3115, Espanola, Ontario:
private internal report prepared for Sulpetro Minerals, Ltd, 11 p.
Sinclair, W.D., and Theriault, R.J., (1989), A Rb-Sr study of granitic rocks associated with the Fostung
scheelite deposit, Espanola, Ontario: Geol. Surv. Canada, unpub. paper, 14 p.
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page 89
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
SRK Consulting (US), Inc. (2007). NI 43-101 Technical Report on Resources: Golden Predator
Mines, Inc. Fostung Project, Foster Township, Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Golden Predator
Mines, Inc. by Bart Stryhas, Ph.D., C.P.G., and Syver W. More, R.G., C.P.G. Effective Date:
November 30, 2007. Report Date: November 30, 2007. SRK Project Number: 171806
Steinert, (2021), KSS Test Work Report Fostung – Tungsten Ore, TRE-16939-KSS-963, 30 April
2021.
Taylor, R., (1981), Mining Study for Preliminary Valuation, Fostung Tungsten Project, Ontario
Canada: private internal report prepared for Union Carbide Corporation, 37 p.
Wheeler A., (2013), Technical Report on the Mineral Resources and Reserves of the Los Santos
Mine Project, Prepared for Daytal Resources Spain S.L., 31 October 2013.
CAPR004153 – United States Antimony Corporation
SEC Technical Report Summary – Fostung Tungsten Project Page 90
SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. March 24, 2026
25 Reliance on Information Provided by the Registrant
The authors, as Qualified Persons, have examined the historical data for the Fostung Project
provided by UAMY and previous owners, and has relied upon that basic data to support the
statements and opinions presented in this Technical Report. In the opinion of the author, the project
information, which was derived independently by several owners and operators of the time, is
generally correlative, credible, and verifiable in the field, and is a reasonable representation of the
Fostung Project as of the effective date of this report.
Sufficient information is available to prepare this report and support the declaration of Inferred mineral
resource, and any statements in this report related to deficiency of information are addressed through
the resource classification and disclosed as risks.
SRK has relied upon the work of others in selected areas of this report. SRK relied upon the Ontario
Mining Lands Administration System (MLAS) for Mineral Title and Claim. MLAS provides active list
of active mining claims and current claim holders. In addition, SRK has relied upon a market study
provided by Fastmarkets to support pricing for cut-off grade assumptions and pit optimization
scenarios, reproduced in its entirety in Section 15 of this report. Fastmarkets has expertise in market
assessment and pricing guidance, with a demonstrated history and suitable credentials for taking
responsibility for this content.
The authors and SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc. are not insiders, associates, or affiliates of USAC or
UAMY. The results of this Technical Report Summary are not dependent upon any prior agreements
concerning the conclusions to be reached, nor are there any undisclosed understandings concerning
any future business dealings between UAMY and SRK Consulting (Canada), Inc.
This section summarizes the information provided by the registrant, identifies the particular portions
of the technical report summary that were prepared in reliance on information provided by the
registrant (and the extent of that reliance) pursuant to Subpart 1302 (f)(1), and discloses why the QP
considers it reasonable to rely upon the registrant for any of the information specified in Subpart 1302
(f)(1).
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- Definition
Code for the postal or zip code
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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X
- Definition
Name of the state or province.
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
Name:
dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince
Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
dei:stateOrProvinceItemType
Balance Type:
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- Definition
A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection b-2
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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X
- Definition
Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection b-2
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Name:
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Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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X
- Definition
Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
Name:
dei_EntityFileNumber
Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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X
- Definition
Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
Name:
dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode
Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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- Definition
The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection b-2
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Name:
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- Definition
The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection b-2
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Name:
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Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Local phone number for entity.
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
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Namespace Prefix:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 13e
-Subsection 4c
+ Details
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Namespace Prefix:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 14d
-Subsection 2b
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Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Title of a 12(b) registered security.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection b
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- Definition
Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 12
-Subsection d1-1
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Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Exchange Act
-Number 240
-Section 14a
-Subsection 12
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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X
- Definition
Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.
+ References
No definition available.
+ Details
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Namespace Prefix:
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Data Type:
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Balance Type:
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Period Type:
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- Definition
Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.
+ References
Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
-Publisher SEC
-Name Securities Act
-Number 230
-Section 425
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- Details
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